Cellular reproduction

Cell Division

100

Somatic cell division that forms two identical daughter cells 

Mitosis

200

4 Daughter cells cells are formed, each with 1/2 the number of chromosomes 

Meiosis 

300

Two main stages of the Cell Cycle, and name the phases in each stage 

Growth/interphase - G1 (rapid growth), S (Replication of DNA), G2 (Regeneration)

Division - Mitosis, Cytokinesis 

400

Phases of Mitosis and one thing that happens in each phase

Prophase (chromatin condenses, Nuclear membrane dissolves, Nucleolus disappears, Centrioles move to poles)

Metaphase ( Chromosomes move towards middle, spindle fibers attach to centromeres) 

Anaphase ( Centromere split, sisters move to opposite poles)

Telophase ( Chromatids unwind, Spindle fibers break down, nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes) 

500

Name the phases of meiosis, and at what stage are sister chromatids separated from each other  

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

Anaphase II

Mitosis

100

Phase where Chromosomes move toward the middle of the cell 

Metaphase 

200

What are chromatin, Chromosomes and sister chromatids 

Chromatin: Long intertwined strands that are found in the nucleus and contain protein and DNA

Chromosomes: Thread-like structure that contains DNA, made of two sister chromatids 

Sister Chromatids: Two identical Chromatids held together by a centromere 

300

When does DNA replication occur 

Interphase

400

How do cancer cells differ from normal cells in terms of mitotic control and cell division?

Uncontrolled growth from the cell cycle, spindle fibers are abnormal or genetic instability 

500

Describe the differences in mitotic processes between animal cells and plant cells, particularly during cytokinesis.

Cell wall

Centrioles 

Cleavage vs cell plate 

Meiosis

100

What two main functions does meiosis accomplish?

Sexual reproduction and repair of genetic defect 

200

A diploid organism has four pairs of chromosomes in each somatic cell. Assuming that no crossing over occurs, how many genetically distinct gametes can this organism produce?

16 gentically different organisms 

300

In a species whose diploid number is 224, what would its sperm/ eggs contain

Bother the sperm and the egg would contain 122 in each

400

A diploid germ cell is undergoing meiosis. Is the product of telophase I haploid or diploid?

Haploid

500

How does the timing of spermatogenesis differ from the timing of oogenesis? In what way is the timing of these processes suited to their functions?

.Spermatogenesis:

• Spermatogenesis begins at puberty in males and continues throughout their reproductive lifespan.
• It occurs continuously and produces millions of sperm every day.
• Spermatogenesis takes about 64 to 72 days to complete, from the initial division of spermatogonia to the release of mature spermatozoa into the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
• Oogenesis:
• Oogenesis begins during fetal development in females but halts at prophase I of meiosis until puberty.
• After puberty, a small number of oocytes resume development each menstrual cycle.
• Oogenesis is a cyclic process that produces one mature egg (ovum) during each menstrual cycle.
• Oogenesis typically takes several months to years to complete, from the initiation of follicle development to ovulation.

1. Spermatogenesis:

   • Spermatogenesis is continuous and rapid, ensuring a constant supply of sperm in the male reproductive system.
   • The rapid production of sperm allows males to continuously produce gametes throughout their reproductive years, increasing the chances of successful fertilization.

2. Oogenesis:

   • Oogenesis is a cyclic process that occurs in response to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle.
   • The production of a single mature egg during each cycle ensures that only one egg is released for potential fertilization, preventing the wasteful expenditure of energy and resources.
   • Oogenesis also allows for the development of a single, genetically diverse egg, which is essential for sexual reproduction and genetic variability.

Reproduction

100

Briefly explain two advantages and two disadvantages of a life cycle that requires sexual reproduction.

Advantage: Quicker, Less energy, Offspring don't separate from parent until they are capable 

Disadvantage: Genetically identical, accumulation of harmful mutations 

200

Involves a haploid and a diploid generation

Alternation of generation

300

Describe two means of asexual reproduction, and identify one organism that can reproduce by each.

Budding: jellyfish, coral, cherries 

Fragmentation: Sea stars, mosses 

Parthenogenesis: Algae, scorpions

Spores: Bacteria, fungi, algae and lots of plants 

400

A diploid (2n) is called? Which then grow into adults called?

Sporophyte

Gametophytes 

500

In one species of fish, the females lay eggs that are not fertilized. The eggs hatch and develop into adult fish.

a) What is the name of this form of reproduction?

b) What proportion of the offspring are likely to be

male? 

a) Pathogenesis 

b) They will all be Female because there is not Y chromosome in the process so there can be no male offspring 

Random

100

A diploid germ cell is called 

Spermatogonium 

200

If both eggs are fertilized and implant then they are what kind of twins?

Fraternal twins  

Identical is if a single zygote splits 

300

What Chromosonal disorder does and extra chromosome 18 result in

Edwards syndrome

400

Gamete formation in animals?

Diploid germ cell (Spermatogonium) division by mitosis the form a primary spermatocyte. One of the primary spermatocytes undergoes meiosis I to form a secondary spermatocyte. Which undergoes meiosis II to form four spermatids 

500

Gamete formation in Oogenesis 

And what happens if it get fertilized 

Diploid cell called oogonium -> Mitosis -> 2 primary oocytes.

Every month one primary oocyte undergoes meiosis. The cytoplasm divides and the cell that receives the most is called the secondary oocyte. This i released into the fallopian tube and stays in metaphase II till fertilization.

If fertilization occurs meiosis II completes resulting in an ovum

Haploid nucleus of the egg will fuse with sperm to create and diploid zygote.