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The role of coenzymes in cellular respiration?
What are molecules that assist enzymes by transferring electrons?
The number of NADH+ + H+ formed as a result of 1000 glucose molecules undergoing glycolysis.
What are 2000 NADH+ + H+ molecules?
Explain the role of oxaloacetate in the Krebs cycle.
What is it combines with acetyl-CoA to form citrate, initiating the cycle?
The components of the Q cycle.
What are plastoquinine, Cytochrome Bf-6, and plastocyanin?
The molecule capable of leaving the Calvin Cycle to form organic molecules
What is glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?
Explain how fermentation allows glycolysis to continue in anaerobic conditions.
What is it regenerates NAD+ from NADH, enabling continuous ATP production?
Describe the energy investment phase of glycolysis.
What is the initial phase where 2 ATP molecules are consumed to phosphorylate glucose and its intermediates?
The exact modifications of pyruvate prior to the start of the Kreb Cycle.
What is the decarboxylation, oxidation, and addition of a Co-A to pyruvate?
The number of ATP molecules created when 16 H+ are pumped through ATP Synthase.
What are 4 ATP molecules?
Identify the three main phases of the Calvin cycle.
What are carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP?
Describe the significance of fermentation in human muscle cells.
What is it allows ATP production during intense exercise when oxygen is scarce, leading to lactic acid accumulation?
Explain the significance of the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate in glycolysis.
What is this reaction, catalyzed by pyruvate kinase, is a key step in substrate-level phosphorylation, generating ATP and marking the end of glycolysis?
One reason the ATP yield in the ETC can be less than 36-38.
What is the inner mitochondrial membrane not fully impermeable to H+?
The difference between cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
What is it acts as an electron donor, producing oxygen through photolysis?
Describe the biochemical consequences of photorespiration in the Calvin cycle.
What is the release of CO2 without fixing carbon, ultimately reducing photosynthetic efficiency?
The process (and exact steps) in which carbon dioxide is shuttled from the mesophyll cells to bundle sheaths.
What is PEP and carbon dioxide reacting (with assistance from PEP carboxylase) to form oxaloacetate, which is reduced to malate, which makes its way to the bundle sheath area, is decarboxylated (carbon dioxide released and used in the Calvin Cycle), resulting pyruvate shuttled back to the mesophyll cells, is phosphorylated and PEP is reformed again?
Describe the consequences of inhibiting specific complexes of the electron transport chain (e.g., cyanide on Complex IV).
What is inhibition prevents electron transfer and disrupts the proton gradient, halting ATP production and leading to cellular asphyxiation?
What is the role of cytochromes in the electron transport chain?
What are electron carriers that transfer electrons between complexes, contributing to the proton gradient?
How does the electron transport chain contribute to ATP synthesis in the light reactions?
What is it creates a proton gradient that drives ATP synthase?
Discuss the importance of the carbon fixation phase in the context of climate change.
What is enhanced carbon fixation through efficient Calvin cycle operation can help mitigate atmospheric CO2 levels, impacting climate dynamics?
The purpose of a photosystem in the light reactions
What is to organize chlorophyll and other pigments to efficiently capture and transfer light energy to the reaction center?
Explain how the structure of the inner mitochondrial membrane facilitates electron transport.
What is the inner membrane's high surface area and presence of protein complexes allow for efficient electron transfer and proton pumping, maximizing ATP production?
Describe the role of Complex II in the electron transport chain and its distinction from Complex I.
What is Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) oxidizes succinate to fumarate, directly linking the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain without proton pumping?
Explain the significance of the Z-scheme in photosynthesis.
What is cyclic involves only photosystem I and produces ATP, while non-cyclic involves both photosystems and produces NADPH and ATP?
Analyze how the Calvin cycle's dependence on light reactions links it to overall plant health and productivity.
What is the cycle relies on ATP and NADPH generated in the light reactions; any disruption in light availability affects energy balance, leading to reduced growth and yield?