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DNA
Mutations
Visualizing DNA
RNA
Miscellaneous
100
What is the central dogma of molecular biology and the processes in each step?
DNA to DNA= replication DNA to RNA= transcription RNA to protein= translation
100
How can mutations affect the protein produced from the gene?
Mutations change the nucleotide sequence of genes which then codes for different amino acids which would make a different protein.
100
What is the charge on DNA?
negative
100
What are the structural characteristics of RNA
ribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous bases, single stranded
100
What regions of RNA are removed prior to leaving the nucleus?
introns
200
What is a gene and its structure?
DNA regions that code for proteins
200
What are the 4 types of gene mutations?
Expansion, transposable elements, base-pair substitution, deletion
200
What is used to visualize DNA?
agarose gel electrophoresis
200
Describe the process of transcription.
DNA to RNA mRNA codons base pair with DNA in order to take the genetic information into the cytoplasm.
200
What are the nucleotide sequences for the start codon and termination codons for proteins?
start-AUG stop-UAA, UGA, UAG
300
What are the specific nucleotide base pairs, which are purines and which are pyrimidines, and how many hydrogen bonds occur between each pair?
Adenine to Thymine= 2 Adenine to Uracil= 2 Cytosine to Guanine= 3 Adenine and Guanine= purines Cytosine, thymine, and uracil= pyrimidines purines= 2 rings pyrimidines= 3 rings
300
What is a genetic disorder where the individual cannot repair their DNA properly and what is the outcome?
Xeroderma Pigmentosum- leads to cancer, must be fully covered from UV light and can only go out at night.
300
What is RFLP and PCR and their purpose?
RFLP= restriction fragment length polymorphism PCR= polymerase chain reaction used to isolate DNA and identify base sequences
300
What are the three types of RNA and their functions?
mRNA- takes DNA into the cytoplasm tRNA- decodes mRNA, adds amino acids onto chain rRNA- makes up ribosomes and ribosomal subunits
300
Where in the cell does replication, transcription, and translation occur?
replication and transcription are in nucleus translation is in the cytoplasm
400
What are the structural characteristics of DNA?
Phosphate and sugar backbone, Nitrogenous base in middle, hydrogen bonded to another strand to form a double helix
400
What are transgenic animals?
The entire animal gets a new gene which is inserted into the fertilized egg.
400
What is the purpose of agarose gel electrophoresis and how does it separate DNA?
It is used to isolate DNA and determine sequence, short pieces travel farther toward the positive end of the gel due to the negative charge of DNA, compared to known band sizes in ladder to determine sizes of DNA bands.
400
How is protein synthesized from an mRNA template?
reverse transcriptase, used by viruses
400
What is the wobble base hypothesis?
multiple bases on a codon can code for the same anticodon; third base doesn't always matter
500
How does DNA replicate and what direction does it proceed?
hydrogen bond breaks, strands unwind, each strand becomes a template for a new strand (semiconservative), proceeds 5' to 3'
500
What is the proteome and proteomics?
Proteome is the collection of all the different proteins in an organism Proteomics is the study of all proteins in cells
500
What is gene therapy?
Genes are inserted into specific cells to correct defects or treat disease
500
What is the genetic code and how does it work?
sequence of nucleotides in mRNA molecule are like a string of 3-letter protein-building words
500
What are the three steps to translation and explain each.
Initiation- small ribosomal subunit scans for AUG, large subunit complexes Elongation- amino acids in the A site are added to the polypeptide chain in the P site Termination- stop codon reaches the A site and codes for a release factor