The Opium Wars
A trade ___________ is what Britain had with China before the Opium Wars.
Imbalance
What is the word to describe widespread, deadly hunger?
famine
What new type of transportation did China adopt during this time?
Trains/ Railroads
True or False: The Open Door Policy was created by a British economist
false, American
How did the Boxers fight the foreigners?
Martial Arts
The outflow of this form of currency with little return greatly concerned the British before the opium wars.
Silver
Which foreign power had to help the Qing government defeat the Taiping rebellion?
The British
What traditional beauty practice did Cixi end for Han women in China?
Foot binding
True or False: The Open Door Policy supported a Most Favored Nation
False, equal access
Where in China did this rebellion finally end?
Beijing, the Capital
The name of the company Britain used to sell opium to Chinese merchants illegally.
The British East India Company
What type of war is the Taiping Rebellion considered to be?
A Civil War
What form of punishment did Cixi ban during this time?
Death by a Thousand Cuts
Why did the U.S. fear not having access to trade in China?
The U.S. feared that these spheres would lead to discriminatory tariffs, exclusive trading rights, and ultimately block American access to Chinese consumers and resources.
What class were the Boxers primarily made up of?
The Boxers were largely made up of poor, unhappy, and unemployed peasants, many of whom had been directly affected by the economic hardships and foreign encroachments described above
Define treaty ports OR extraterritoriality
Treaty ports in China were cities opened to foreign trade as a result of the Opium Wars and subsequent treaties. These ports were established through unequal treaties imposed on China by Western powers, including Great Britain, France, and the United States
Extraterritoriality, in its simplest form, refers to the principle where a nation's laws and jurisdiction extend beyond its territorial boundaries. It essentially allows a state to apply its laws to individuals or activities that occur outside of its physical borders. This can involve various situations, from prosecuting citizens for crimes committed abroad to regulating businesses with foreign operations
What were the primary causes of the Taiping Rebellion?
Why did China focus on modernizing its Navy and Military so much?
Defeat/ humiliation by British gunboats in the Opium Wars
What is the term for the areas of economic presence each foreign country had in China during this time?
Spheres of Influence: For China: The spheres of influence undermined China's economic sovereignty. They allowed foreign powers to control railway concessions, mining rights, and exclusive investment opportunities in certain regions. This siphoned off Chinese resources and profits to foreign entities, limited China's ability to develop its own industries, and further weakened its central government's economic control.
Explain the financial outcomes of the Boxer Rebellion for China
Describe China's economy before the Opium Wars v. After
In essence, before the Opium Wars, China was a powerful, self-sufficient economic empire that controlled its own trade terms. After the wars, it was forced open, its economy was exploited, and its sovereignty was severely compromised, laying the groundwork for a long period of internal weakness and foreign domination.
Why did the British help the Qing defeat this rebellion?
They felt it would be easier to trade with the Qings than the Taipings.
How did Chinese education modernize during this time?
Western subjects, not just traditional Confuscianism. Also, anyone could go to school, not just people who were related to someone in the government.
Why was John Hay concerned even more about equal trade rights during the Boxer Rebellion?
Threat to China's "Territorial and Administrative Integrity": The Boxer Rebellion was an anti-foreign uprising that challenged the very existence of the Qing government and the foreign presence in China. Hay's initial Open Door Notes (1899) had sought to preserve China's territorial and administrative integrity as a means to ensure equal trade. The rebellion, however, threatened to shatter this integrity completely. If the Qing government collapsed and foreign powers intervened to put down the rebellion, there was a high risk that they would abandon the "sphere of influence" model and move towards outright partition or colonization of China. This would be a catastrophic outcome for American trade interests.
Explain the connection between the unequal treaties and the Boxer Rebellion
Following defeats in the Opium Wars and other conflicts, China was forced to sign a series of "unequal treaties" with Western powers and Japan. These treaties granted extensive concessions to foreign nations, including extraterritoriality (exempting foreigners from Chinese law), loss of tariff autonomy (preventing China from protecting its domestic industries through tariffs), and control over customs and salt taxes.