Comprehension
Listening Comprehension is a person's ability to interpret what is read to them-without the requirement of ________________.
What is Decoding
Prereading
Birth to Kindergarten (age 0-6):
Is characterized by children's growth in knowledge and use of __________ language.
In addition, children acquire some beginning understandings of the sound structures of words.
Reading may best be described as "_________ reading," most children do learn to hold the book right-side up and turn the pages.
What is spoken and pretend?
TOP-DOWN THEORY QUESTIONED:
Studies demonstrate that proficient readers do not skip over words and phrases, nor do they rely on ________ alone to gain information. They do read as many as five words each second (Raynor and Pollatsek 1987) and fixate on almost all words in text (e.g., Just and Carpenter 1980).
Fluent readers are less reliant on context in processing textual information than poor readers because they are more adept at recognizing individual words within text (Stanovich 1986).
What is context?
Birth to 6 Months:
Sits upright with prop
Supports own head when in a sitting position
Lifts head and supports self on arm when on ___________
Raises arms and legs when placed on stomach
Rolls over
What is the _______________
How speech and Language Develops:
The first 3 years of life, when the brain is developing and maturing, is the most intensive period for acquiring speech and language skills.
Humans are “__________” to learn to speak.
These skills develop best in a world that is rich with sounds, sights, and consistent exposure to the speech and language of others.
What is hard-wired?
Semantics:
Semantics refers to the ________ of language.
Specific language function that relates to the meaning of words, phrases and sentences, and using words appropriately in speech.
Students with semantic difficulties can struggle to understand the meaning of words and sentences.
What is meaning?
These are examples of ________________.
1. It was raining cats and dogs. 2. Eat your hearts out Yankees!
What are Idioms
Learning to Read
Reading/Decoding Grades 1-2 (age 6-7)
Children learn the letters of the alphabet and the correspondences between the letters and the ________ that they represent.
By the end of this stage, they have acquired a general understanding of the ________-sound system.
Direct teaching of decoding accelerates development in Stage 1, particularly for those with limited readiness.
What are sounds and spelling?
Limited Capacity Mechanism
(or verbal efficiency):
n human information processing during complex skills such as reading, many components must be coordinated within a very short time. If none of these processes are automatic, there will not be enough attention available to execute the reading act successfully due to limited capacity mechanism (LaBerge and Samuels 1974).
The more automatic the ability to recognize individual words in reading text, the greater the resources available for ____________ it (Perfetti
What is comprehending?
6 Months to 1 Year:
Sits alone
Crawls
Pulls self from a sitting to a __________ position
Stands without holding on to an object or person
What is standing?
How speech and Language Develops:
There appear to be critical periods for _______ and language development in infants and young children when the brain is best able to absorb language. If these critical periods are allowed to pass without exposure to language, it will be more difficult to learn.
What is speech?
Semantics: Characteristics:
Trouble with ________ words, (i.e. curious, vague)
Difficulty with words relating feelings or emotions, (i.e. embarrassed, anxious)
Challenged by words that refer to status, (i.e. expert, authority) or degree (i.e. essential, approximate)
What is abstract?
Two complete sentences joined with a coordinating conjunction (and, but, for, although, or).
Tim had to make good plays during the tryout, or the manager would not select him for the team.
What are Compound Sentences
Learning to Read: Confirmation and Fluency Grades 2-3 (age 7-8):
They recognize most words automatically and read passages with ease and expression.
Decoding the words on the page no longer consumes all of their cognitive attention; cognitive capacity is freed for processing meaning.
At this point, children are ready to make the important transition from "learning to read" to "___________ to learn."
What is reading?
BOTTOM-UP THEORY:
This model emphasizes that many subprocesses, such as letter and word identification, must become __________ in order for readers to be fluent. Further, it implies teaching letter-sound before words, words before sentences, and sentences before passages.
While several Orton-Gillingham remedial programs follow this model, comprehension instruction is not absent, just not a major focus in the early grades (more likely not a focus until the child can read closer to grade level).
What is automatic?
Age 1 Year:
Walks ___________
Climbs onto low furniture
Climbs stairs with assistance
Pulls or pushes toys with wheels
Kicks ball holding on to support
Catches rolling ball between legs while sitting
What is unassisted?
Phonological Component:
Involves the rules for combining _________.
Speakers of English, for example, know that an English word can end, but not begin, with an -ng sound. We are not aware of our knowledge of these rules, but our ability to understand and pronounce English words demonstrates that we do know a vast number of rules.
What are sounds?
Semantics- Characteristics:
Difficulty with idioms, sayings and slang expressions, often taking them ________ or interpreting them oddly.
When asked if he enjoyed spending time with his friends, one 14 year old responded, “I don’t see how you can spend time, and I certainly don’t see how you can enjoy it because spending time is not something you can do. You can only actually spend money.”
What is literally?
Reading comprehension instruction should use modeling, thinking _________, questioning, and other techniques to promote active construction of meaning.
What is aloud?
Reading to Learn
Grades 4-8 (age 8-14):
Children begin to learn new knowledge, information, thoughts, and experiences by reading.
Growth in word meanings (__________) and background knowledge are primary goals.
Children read selections from an increasingly broad range of materials (e.g., textbooks, magazines, encyclopedias) about an increasingly broad range of topics (e.g., history, geography, science).
What is vocabulary?
INTERACTIVE THEORY:
Rumelhart (1977) proposed that rather than serial processing, simultaneous or parallel processing of word ____________ and word prediction occurs in reciprocal events.
Good readers access knowledge of the grapheme-phoneme system, knowledge of particular sight words, knowledge of the syntactic and semantic aspects of language, background knowledge, and metacognitive knowledge of how to self-monitor during reading to extract meaning from text.
What is identification?
2 – 3 Years:
Strings four large beads
Turns single pages
Snips with ___________
Hold crayons with thumb and fingers (not fist)
Uses one hand consistently in most activities
Imitates circular, vertical, horizontal strokes
Paints with some wrist action, makes dots, lines, circular strokes
Rolls, pounds, squeezes, and pulls play dough
Eats without assistance
What are scissors?
Semantic Component:
Is made up of ___________, the smallest units of meaning that may be combined with each other to make up words(for example, paper + s are the two morphemes that makeup papers), and sentences (Brown, 1973). A dictionary contains the semantic component of a language, but also what words (and meanings) are important to the speakers of the language.
What are morphemes?
Semantics- Characteristics:
Difficulty identifying key points or _______ in a sentence
Because of this difficulty, may change the subject, very obscurely, thinking they are on the same subject.
What is the topic?
A good way to teach comprehension is to start with ____________ sentence practice.
What is focused?
Reading to Learn
Grades 4-8:
As they move through Reading to Learn, students start to confront different __________ and begin to analyze and criticize what they read.
What are viewpoints?
CONNECTIONIST MODEL:
Seidenberg and McClelland reasoned that reading involves a series of associations or ______________ resulting accumulated lexical knowledge with connections both ways between context and meaning, and then additional meaning, orthography, and phonology (i.e., meaning-orthography, orthography-phonology, and phonology-meaning).
Any two processes can trigger other associations in any direction and contribute to the overall reading process.
What are connections?
Possible implications
if milestones not achieved :
Delayed ________ skills such as eating
Delayed pre-writing skills development
Delayed manipulation of small objects such as toys, pencils, and scissors
Frustration when manipulating small toys and objects
What is self-care?
Syntactic Component:
Consists of the rules that enable us to combine morphemes into ___________. As soon as a child uses two morphemes together, as in "more cracker," she is using a syntactic rule about how morphemes are combined to convey meaning.
What are sentences?
Semantic Activities:
Multiple ________:
A crash can mean an auto accident, a drop in the stock market, to attend a party without being invited, ocean waves hitting the shore or the sounds of cymbals being struck together.
What are meanings?
__________ are often referred to as what you read "between the lines."
What are inferences?
Multiple Viewpoints
High School (age 14-18):
Reads material from multiple viewpoints
Improve their ability to think _________ about what they read with a deeper understanding of the information.
What is critically?
TRUE BALANCED LITERACY:
First order skills: __________ and encoding taught using systematic, direct instruction designed to highlight rule-based nature of the letter-sound system of English; taught in combination with
Second order skills: comprehension and composition taught emphasizing the reciprocal relationship between reading and writing. (Farnham-Diggory, 1990; Adams, 1990)
What is decoding?
3 – 4 Years:
Builds a tower of nine small blocks
Copies circle
Imitates cross
Manipulates clay material (rolls balls, makes snakes, cookies)
Uses ____________ hand to assist and stabilize the use of objects
Snips paper using scissors
What is non-dominant?
Pragmatics:
The _______ of language use
Part of our communicative competence, our ability to speak appropriately in different situations, for example, in a conversational way at home and in a more formal way at a job interview.
What are rules?
Semantic Activities:
Words that are plays on words: _____ using multiple meanings of words and homophones
“One morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got into my pajamas I’ll never know.” –Groucho Marx
What are puns?
___________________ is informative text that puts out ideas.
What is Expository Text?
Construction and Reconstruction:
College and Adulthood:
Forms knowledge from reading on a higher level of _______________
Able to construct their own viewpoint of what they have read and critically analyze the viewpoints of others
Example: able to read information on the development of object permanence and construct their own views on this subject.
What is abstraction?
Proficient Reading Depends On:
____________ awareness.
Using phonics to decode accurately.
Recognizing words automatically.
Knowing what most words mean.
Constructing meaning; connecting the text with prior knowledge.
Monitoring comprehension and repairing miscomprehension if necessary.
What is phonological?
4 – 5 Years:
Cuts on the line continuously
Copies cross
Copies square
Writes ______
Writes numbers 1-5
Copies letters
Handedness well established
Dresses and undresses independently
What is name?
Role of Language:
Children seem born not just to speak, but also to interact _________. Even before they use words, they use cries and gestures to convey meaning; they often understand the meanings that others convey.
The point of learning language and interacting socially, then, is not to master rules, but to make connections with other people and to make sense of experiences (Wells, 1986).
What is socially?
Semantic Activities:
Figurative Expressions:
What are idioms?
Discuss key _____________
K-W-L (K, W)
Preview, browse with a purpose
Supply background
Give personal connection to theme
Use story structure chart to supply setting and characters
Read once through without stopping
What is Vocabulary
Paul Broca:
Paul Broca is best known for his research on Broca’s area, a region of the frontal lobe that has been named after him. Broca's Area is involved with articulated language. His work (1861) revealed that the brains of patients suffering from _______________ contained lesions in a particular part of the cortex, in the left frontal region. This was the first anatomical proof of the _________ of brain function.
What is aphasia and localization?
5 – 6 Years:
Cuts out simple shapes
Copies triangle
Colors within lines
Uses a 3 fingered _______ of pencil and uses fingers to generate movement
Pastes and glues appropriately
Can draw basic pictures
What is grasp?
Birth to 3 Months:
Reacts to loud sounds
Calms down or smiles when spoken to
Recognizes your _______ and calms down if crying
When feeding, starts or stops sucking in response to sound
Coos and makes pleasure sounds
Has a special way of crying for different needs
Smiles when he or she sees you
What is voice?
Pragmatics:
Pragmatics refers to the use of language in _______ contexts:
knowing what to say, how to say it, and when to say it- and how to “be” with other people.
What is social?
What is the name of the multi-sensory program that explicitly teaches comprehension skills?
What is Visualizing and Verbalizing?
Carl Wernicke:
Shortly after Broca published his findings on language deficits caused by damage to Broca’s Area, Wernicke began pursuing his own research into the effects of brain disease on speech and language. Wernicke noticed that not all language deficits were the result of damage to Broca's area. Rather he found that damage to the left posterior, superior temporal gyrus resulted in deficits in language ______________. This region is now referred to as Wernicke’s area, and the associated syndrome is known as Wernicke’s aphasia (receptive aphasia).
What is comprehension?
6 – 7 Years:
Forms most letters and numbers __________
Writes consistently on the lines
Demonstrates controlled pencil movement
Good endurance for writing
Can build Lego, kinex and other blocks independently
Ties shoelaces
What is correctly?
2 to 3 Years:
Has a word for almost everything
Uses two- or three-word phrases to talk about and ask for things
Uses k, g, f, t, d, and n sounds
Speaks in a way that is understood by family members and friends
Names _______ to ask for them or to direct attention to them
What are objects?
Pragmatics:
Students with pragmatic difficulties struggle to use socially appropriate language. They may struggle:
Taking turns, or waiting their turn
Responding appropriately, with appropriate voice
Staying on ______ or finding the topic of interest to the listener
What is topic?
What is _________ Reading? (same word in all 3 spaces)
_________ reading is a routine that supports students in critically examining text.
There are no hard and fast rules for ________ reading.
Through repeated readings of a short text or segment of text, “students...examine the deep structures of a text… the way it is organized, the precision of its vocabulary to advance concepts, and its key details, arguments and inferential meanings.”
What is Close
READING & the BRAIN:
Samuel Orton (1925)
-His studies led him to question why some children with apparently intact neurological functioning have language disabilities.
-Reading problems stemmed from the failure of the __________hemisphere to become dominant over the right
-Worked with Anna Gillingham who introduced a systematic approach for teaching “phonograms” to represent the 44 phonemes of English
What is left?
7-8 years. Possible implications
if milestones not achieved:
timely manner
Experiencing fatigue during handwriting tasks
Poor academic achievement due to difficulty getting ideas down on paper
May impact on ___________ when comparing work to peers
Possible frustration and/or behavior difficulties due to avoidance of pencil based tasks
What is self-esteem?
3 to 4 Years:
Hears you when you call from another room
Hears the television or radio at the same sound level as other family members
Answers simple “______?” “What?” “Where?” and “Why?” questions
Talks about activities at daycare, preschool, or friends’ homes
Uses sentences with four or more words
Speaks easily without having to repeat syllables or words
What is who?
Pragmatics:
Students may struggle with assuming prior _________… May explain in minute detail how to wash a car, wrongly assuming that the listener needed (or wanted) this information.
Or may assume prior knowledge, and describe with insufficient detail, location or background for the listener to understand.
What is knowledge?
4 to 5 Years:
Pays attention to a short story and answers simple questions about it
Hears and understands most of what is said at home and in school
Uses sentences that give many details
Tells ________ that stay on topic
Communicates easily with other children and adults
Says most sounds correctly except for a few (l, s, r, v, z, ch, sh, and th)
Uses rhyming words
Names some letters and numbers
Uses adult grammar
What are stories?
Pragmatics skills include:
Knowing how to change topics or interrupting a conversation politely
Maintaining appropriate _____ contact during conversation
Understanding formal vs. informal language environments
What is eye?