Chapter 1
Myth of Fact?: Mental illness causes people to become unstable and potentially dangerous.
Myth
The vast majority of individuals who are mentally ill do not commit crimes, do not harm others, and do not get into trouble with the law. However, there is a slightly increased risk of violence among individuals with a history of mental illness, substance abuse, and prior victimization (Rozel & Mulvey, 2017).
How does the psychodynamic model view mental disorders?
as the result of childhood experiences and unconscious conflicts
What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Reliability is the degree to which a procedure, test, or classification system yields the same results repeatedly under the same circumstance
he extent to which a test or procedure actually performs the function it was designed to perform
What is the difference between a phobia disorder and OCD?
Phobia: Excessive fear of specific objects or situations
The primary symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are obsessions, which are persistent, anxiety-producing thoughts or images and compulsions, which involve an overwhelming need to engage in activities or mental acts to counteract anxiety or prevent the occurrence of a dreaded event.
What does etiology mean?
possible causes
What is the difference between cultural relativism and cultural universality?
Cultural relativism underscores the fact that our lifestyle, cultural values, and worldview affect our behavior and expression of emotions.
Cultural universality, on the other hand, refers to the perspective that symptoms of mental disorders are the same in all cultures and societies.
What is free association?
you say whatever comes to your mind, regardless of how illogical or embarrassing it may seem
What are the common forms of validity considered in assessment? What is the difference between content and construct validity?
predictive validity, construct validity, content validity
Construct validity is how well a test or measure relates to the characteristics or disorder in question.
Content validity is how well a test measures what it is intended to measure.
What is a sociocultural factor associated with the development of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
Stressful conditions such as poverty and poor housing also contribute to GAD.
OR
The disorder is twice as prevalent among those with low income (Kessler et al., 2005).
What is the most common mental disorder in the United States?
Anxiety
What is anosognosia?
a person's inability to recognize their own mental confusion
What is classical conditioning?
a process in which responses to new stimuli are learned through association
What test mentioned in the book is used to assess brain damage?
Bender-Gestalt Motor Test
What does treatment look like for people diagnosed with body dysmorphic disorder?
CBT-BDD program that focused on the “core” components of the disorder. Along with psychoeducation regarding BDD, the approach involves:
motivational enhancement to address ambivalence about complying with treatment;
cognitive restructuring focused specifically on negative thoughts about personal appearance;
exposure and response prevention focused on eliminating mirror checking, seeking reassurance, and the camouflaging of imagined defects; and
mindfulness training focused on learning to observe and describe one’s body without judgment.
In addition, participants learn to move away from self-focus, to pay attention to others and to their environment, and to base their self-esteem on qualities such as being a good friend rather than physical attractiveness.
What is managed health care?
the industrialization of health care through which large organizations determine what type and duration of treatment clients can have
The DSM-5-TR indicates that a mental disorder has the following 3 components:
(a) involves a significant disturbance in thinking, emotional regulation, or behavior caused by a dysfunction in the basic psychological, biological, or developmental processes involved in normal development;
(b) causes significant distress or difficulty with day-to-day functioning; and
(c)is not merely a culturally expected response to common stressors or losses or a reflection of political or religious beliefs that conflict with societal norms.
What does the multicultural model emphasize?
being culturally different does not mean that someone is deviant, pathological, or inferior; instead, it is important to recognize that each culture has strengths and limitations
OR
multicultural model also points out that all theories of human development and psychopathology arise from a particular cultural context
What is a criticism of the changes in the DSM-5-TR?
Along with the lower reliability for many diagnostic categories compared with previous DSM editions, other concerns include the following:
Viewing autistic and personality disorders along a continuum may have the unexpected consequence of broadening diagnostic boundaries to encompass people with less severe symptoms (Frances, 2013; Zeidan et al., 2022).
Criteria for certain disorders have changed and may increase the number of individuals receiving a diagnosis. For example, a review of 12 studies found that the DSM-5 criteria increased the prevalence of alcohol use disorder (Bartoli et al., 2015).
Decisions regarding the DSM-5 diagnostic categories may have been unduly influenced by outside pressure. For instance, 70 percent of the professionals who developed the DSM-5 had direct ties to pharmaceutical companies. This raises the concern that there may have been subtle pressure to broaden diagnostic categories, thereby increasing access to medication as a form of treatment (Cosgrove & Krimsky, 2012).
“Addictive” disorders now include gambling disorder, which opens the possibility that other “behavioral addictions” (e.g., Internet, video games, shopping, eating) may eventually be included in this category. In fact, Internet gaming disorder is currently under review for inclusion in the DSM.
A new diagnosis in DSM-5-TR, prolonged grief disorder, has the potential of turning intense grief into a pathological condition. For children and adolescents, the diagnosis can be given if the grief over the loss of a loved one lasts more than 6 months. The diagnosis has not been field tested, and little is known about its reliability or validity (Cacciatore & Frances, 2022).
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, a diagnosis added during the DSM-5 revision, has been the subject of heated discussion. Critics of this category contend that symptoms associated with hormonal changes during menses should be treated as a physiological or gynecological disorder and that it is stigmatizing to women to label severe premenstrual mood swings as a psychiatric disorder. Pharmaceutical companies strongly supported this diagnosis (Schroll & Lauritsen, 2022).
Although the DSM has strengthened cultural considerations in diagnosis, the cross-cultural applicability of the system is still questioned. The prevalence of some disorders differs across the globe. It may be that some descriptions of disorders developed in Western countries simply do not fit other cultures.
What are symptoms of a panic attack?
chest pains, breathlessness, sweating, choking, nausea, and heart palpitations
What is modeling therapy?
Viewing another person’s successful interactions with the feared object or situation
What is Humanism?
philosophical movement that emphasizes human welfare and individual uniqueness
What function does the neurotransmitter dopamine have? What psychological disorder has a deficiency in dopamine been associated with?
Influences motivation and reward-seeking behaviors; regulates movement, emotional responses, attention, and planning; has excitatory and inhibitory effects
Depression
Name a self-report inventory
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI, is a self-report personality inventory that is frequently used by practicing psychologists
OR others discussed in class
What is exposure therapy?
Gradually introducing the individual to the feared situation or object until the fear dissipates
Myth of fact?: All people who carry the short allele 5-HTTLPR will develop anxiety disorder.
Myth; identified genes only influence an individual’s predisposition to develop an anxiety disorder. For example, although the presence of certain alleles increases the chances that a characteristic such as anxiety is expressed, actual expression of the gene depends on interactions between the genotype and the environment.