CJ Foundations
These three major parts work together to investigate crime, determine guilt, impose sentences, and supervise offenders.
What are law enforcement, courts, an corrections?
Someone secretly takes a bicycle from outside a residence without confronting or threatening its owner. This general type of property crime has occurred.
What is larceny?
This field examines crime victims, their experiences, the dynamics of victimization, and the effects of crime.
What is victimology?
This movement first exposed racial inequities and discrimination within American institutions, including the criminal justice system.
What is the Civil Rights Movement?
The belief that the possibility of punishment can discourage someone from committing an offense is central to this theory.
What is deterrence theory?
An offender receives community supervision instead of being sent to jail or prison. Name this correctional option.
What is probation?
An offender illegally enters a closed business intending to steal merchandise. Name the offense.
What is burglary?
Flashbacks and difficulty sleeping following a traumatic crime could be symptoms associated with this disorder.
What is PTSD?
Demonstrations surrounding this overseas conflict contributed to tense encounters between protesters and police and debates about police authority and constitutional rights.
What is the Vietnam War?
Instead of concentrating only on individual offenders, this explanation examines how the physical and social characteristics of neighborhoods relate to crime.
What is social ecology?
Unlike probation, this type of supervision occurs after an incarcerated individual is released from prison.
What is parole?
Researchers anonymously ask people to disclose crimes they have committed, including offenses that may never have come to police attention. Name this research method.
What is a self-report survey?
A victim reports a crime but then feels ignored and mistreated by the agencies that are supposed to help. This concept describes the additional harm.
What is secondary victimization?
This federal educational program helped criminal justice personnel pursue higher education and contributed to criminal justice becoming an academic discipline.
What is LEEP (Law Enforcement Educational Program)?
This explanation of criminal behavior emphasizes the influence that experiences early in a person's childhood can have later in life.
What is a psychoanalytic explanation?
This model places a strong emphasis on protecting individual rights and limiting the government's ability to misuse its power.
What is the Due Process Model?
In a survey of 1,000 people, researchers are interested in the percentage who report committing an offense. They are measuring this.
What is prevalence?
This theory proposes that certain activities and behaviors may increase a person's exposure to situations in which victimization is more likely.
What is lifestyle theory?
Public anxiety about rising crime helped fuel this national effort beginning in the 1960s, bringing increased federal attention and resources to criminal justice.
What is the War on Crime?
Sensational media coverage, political messages, generalizations, and overdramatization can contribute to these inaccurate beliefs about crime.
What are crime myths?
Tougher sentencing and increased incarceration were intended to control crime, but they also contributed heavily to this major correctional trend.
What is mass incarceration?
Two people may both report offending, but one committed a single offense while the other committed 20. This measure helps researchers examine the frequency of offending.
What is incidence?
This controversial concept examines whether a victim's actions or behavior may have played some role in the events surrounding a crime. Critics argue that it can shift blame toward the victim.
What is victim precipitation?
Following the September 11 attacks, this cabinet-level department was created as part of the country's increased focus on terrorism and domestic security.
What is the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)?
A policymaker argues that the justice system should emphasize efficiency, controlling crime, and protecting society, even when doing so creates tension with protections for defendants. This viewpoint most closely reflects this model.
What is the Crime Control Model?