I
Land in France gifted to Norsemen to dissuade them from attacking France.
Normandy
Political and social order that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service.
Feudalism
Under Feudalism, a man who served a lord in a military capacity.
Vassal
Under feudalism, a member of the heavily armored cavalry.
Knight
Under feudalism, a grant of land made to a vassal; the vassal held political authority within his land.
Fief
Under feudalism, the unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal.
The Feudal Contract
In the Middle Ages, the ideal of civilized behavior that developed among the nobility.
Chivalry
A heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare.
Carruca
Planting different crops in two plots of land and letting one plot lie fallow.
Crop Rotation
In Medieval Europe, an agricultural estate that a lord ran and peasants worked.
Manor
In Medieval Europe, a peasant legally bound to the land who had to provide labor services to the local lord.
Serf
Medieval peasants ate _____ for the most part.
Dark Bread
The middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people.
Bourgeoisie
Trade league between Northern European cities.
Hanseatic League
The revival of trade led to this.
The Growth of Cities
A wealthy, powerful; landowner.
Patrician
Norman ruler who conquered England in 1066.
William II the Conqueror
Battle in which Norman invaders soundly defeated the Anglo-Saxon king Harold Godwinson.
The Battle of Hastings
Census taken in England, which was the first in Western Europe since the fall of Rome.
The Domesday Book
English king who attempted to have the crown dominate the church. He was forced to stop his campaign when the archbishop of Canterbury was murdered by his supporters.
Henry II
A uniform system of law the developed in England based on court decisions and on customs and usage rather than on written law codes.
Common Law
The "Great Charter" of rights, which king John was forced to sign by nobles at Runnymede.
The Magna Carta
First French king in the Capetian dynasty.
Hugh Capet
First leader of the Holy Roman Empire.
Otto I
Viking leader who was the first to settle in the town of Kiev.
Oleg