ch 11-12

11.1-3

100

nucleic acids 

nucleic acids- DNA

contains about 20,000genes 

building blocks of DNA

200

nucleotides

have 3 basic components: nitrous base, 5 carbon sugar and phosphate functional group 

4 different bases (2 general shapes)

guanine, adenine, cytosine, thymine

300

forms of nucleosides

4 different bases (2 general shapes)

guanine, adenine, cytosine, thymine

400

forms of nucleic acids

set of 4 nucleotides formed in a sequence 

4 different nutritious bases 

2 nitrogen-containing aromatic rings (purine or pyrimidine)

500

describe the unique structural forms of DNA

base sequenced in nucleic acids stored as DNA 

A=T G=C

double helix 

3´ to 5´

11.3-6

100

what is the middle man of DNA

RNA is the process of creating protein from the gene DNA 

200

mRNA function 

interpreted into an amino acid sequence 

strand fits into a groove 

transcribes from DNA sequence specifying the proteins made 

codons 

300

tRNA function 

must be attached to its acceptor stem 

attaches correctly and is ready to be used in protein synthase 

400

codon structure and function 

codons are used to translate specific amino acids 4 codon combinations are possible 

always the start is AUG (there are multiple ways to stop)

500

types of mutations

- no change in protein sequence is possible 

there are silent mutations (UUU to UUC)

codons changing 

changing in the DNA sequence 

there can be structural change and also genetic mutations 

12.1-4

100

distinguish catabolism from anabolism

catabolism is the chemical reactions with larger molecules are broken down into few common metabolites 

anabolism is the chemical reaction where metabolites are combined into larger molecules

200

high and low energy forms 

ATP / ADP 

NADH / NAD+

FADH₂ / FAD

Acetyl Coenzyme A / coenzyme A

300

compare the digestion of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins 

triacyl glycerrides are hydrolyzed to 2 fatty acids 

bile is incorporated to help digestion 

breaking up larger nonpolar globules into smaller droplets 

protein digest happens when proteins are denatured 

amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream

400

starting and ending of glycolysis 

catabolism 

glucose to 2 pyruvate 3 C 2 NADH

first five reactions require an energy investment of 2 molecules of ATP 

splits into 2 sugar phosphates 

symetric carbons 

500

starting and ending of important regulatory features 

main step is step 3 

PFK 

ATP acts as an inhibitor  

citrate is an inhibitor of pfk

significant amounts of fructose go into fat storage