Ch 13 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Definitions

100

What is a solute 

What is a solvent 

What do they make when you put them together 

Solute is salt it dissolves in water 

Solvent is water 

When you put them together you make a salty solution 

200

What is ICF and ECF 

Tell us everything you know about it 

Bonus point: what fluid do we give to someone who has too much ICF or ECF

ICF: intracellular fluid 

Stable environment 

Cellular metabolism 

Facilitates communication 

Waste removal  

ECF: extra cellular fluid 

In the interstitial fluid: surrounds and bathes the cell to transport nutrients and waste 

Plasma: fluid part of the blood, carries nutrients, hormones, and waste products through the body 

300

What is an isotonic solution 

Name them 

Solute concentration is equal to solute in the blood 

Treats fluid loss and blood loss 

0.9% NaCl and Lactated Ringers 

400

What is a hypertonic solution 

Name them 

Outside solution has more solutes than the inside of the cell 

Treats severe hyponatremia 

3% NaCl

500

What is a hypotonic solution 

Name them 

Outside solution has fewer solutes than the inside of the cell 

Used to rehydrate cells and is not used in trauma 

0.45% NaCl (half normal saline) 

Potassium

100

What is the normal value for potassium 

Bonus 10 points: what is the name for low and high potassium 

3.5-5.0

Hypokalemia 

Hyperkalemia 

200

What happens in hypokalemia 

What happens in hyperkalemia 

Abnormally low potassium in the blood 

Abnormally high potassium in the blood 

300

What are the causes of Hypokalemia 

Bonus 20 points: What are the symptoms 

Causes: 

Diarrhea 

Repeated vomiting 

Use of Lasix 

Symptoms: 

Muscle weakness 

Heart rhythm problems 

Fatigue 

Cardiac dysrhythmias on EKG 

Constipation 

400

What are the causes of hyperkalemia 

Bonus 20 points: what are the symptoms 

Causes: 

Kidney disease and kidney failure 

Potassium sparing diuretics 

Shift of potassium from ICF to ECF (remember most of the body’s potassium is in the ICF) 

Severe burns 

Oliguria 

Symptoms: 

Muscle weakness 

Life threatening cardiac dysrhythmias

Cardiac arrest 

Nausea and vomiting 

Tingling and numbness  

500

What foods do we eat to keep our potassium up 

Banana 

Spinach 

Potatoes 

Broccoli 

Magnesium

100

What is the value for magnesium 

Bonus 10 points: what is the name for low and high magnesium 

1.7-2.3 

Hypomagnesemia 

Hypermagnesemia

200

What happens in hypomagnesemia 

What happens in hypermagnesemia 

Abnormally low magnesium levels in the blood 

Abnormally high magnesium levels in the blood 

300

What are the causes of hypomagnesemia 

Bonus 10 points: what are the symptoms 

Causes:

Malnutrition 

Alcoholism 

Diarrhea 

Symptoms: 

Positive Chvostek sign 

Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes 

Muscle cramps 

Twitching 

Seizures

Tachycardia 

Hypertension 

Dysrhythmias  

400

What are the causes of hypermagnesemia 

Bonus 10 points: what are the symptoms 

Causes: 

End stage renal disease 

Too much intake of Mg

Symptoms: 

Lethargy 

Decreased deep tendon reflexes which is most common 

Decreased neuromuscular excitability which is most common 

Bradycardia 

Hypotension 

Cardiac arrest 

500

What food do we eat to keep up our Mg

Dark green leafy vegetables 

Whole grains and nuts 

Seeds 

Sodium

100

What is the normal sodium level 

Bonus 10 points: what is the name for low and high sodium 

136-145 

Hyponatremia 

Hypernatremia 

200

What happens in hyponatremia 

What happens in hypernatremia 

Abnormally low sodium in the blood 

Abnormally high sodium in the blood 

300

What are the causes of hyponatremia 

Bonus 10 points: what are the symptoms 

Causes

Gain more water than sodium so fluid overload 

Too much ADH hormone 

Too much hypotonic IV fluids (D5W) 

Tap water enemas 

Symptoms: 

Confusion 

Lethargy 

Seizures 

Coma 

400

What are the causes of hypernatremia  

Bonus 10 points: what are the symptoms

Causes: 

Not drinking enough water 

Sweating or breathing out too much fluid 

Symptoms: 

Confusion 

Drowsiness 

Coma 

Thirst 

Seizures 

500

What foods do we eat to keep sodium in balance 

Seafood

Dairy 

Some vegetables 

Calcium

100

What is the normal calcium level 

Bonus 10 points: what is the name for high or low calcium 

8.5-10.5

Hypercalcemia 

Hypocalcemia 

200

What happens in hypocalcemia 

What happens in hypercalcemia 

Abnormally low calcium in the blood 

Abnormally high calcium in the blood 

300

What are the causes of hypercalcemia 

Bonus 10 points: What are the symptoms 

Causes: 

Increased calcium intake and absorption 

Shift of calcium from bones into the ECF 

Cancer

Taking too much calcium supplement 

Symptoms: 

Fatigue 

Constipation 

Nausea and vomiting 

Diminished reflexes 

Cardiac arrest if severe 

Confusion 

Mood swings 

Personality changes 

400

What are the causes of hypocalcemia 

Bonus 10 points: what are the symptoms

Causes: 

acute pancreatitis 

Vitamin d deficiency 

Kidney disease 

Calcium deficient diet 

Chronic diarrhea 

Laxative misuse 

Symptoms: 

Increased neuromuscular excitability 

Numbing and tingling of fingers toes and around the mouth 

Positive Chvostek sign 

Hyperactive reflexes 

Positive trousseaus sign 

Seizures 

Dysrhythmias 

500

What foods do we eat to keep our calcium in check 

Bonus 30 points: what should we also take with calcium 

Dairy 

Leafy greens 

Almonds 

Bonus: vitamin d and good sources of those are fatty fish like salmon tuna sardines, egg yolks, mushrooms, fortified foods