Mendel genetics vocab
Mendel
Math
Beyond Mendelian Genetics Vocab
Mendelian traits in humans
100
How many copies of alleles do we receive from each parent
One from each parent, so 2 total!
100
Name of the monk who performed pea plant experiments, "Father of Genetics"
Gregor Mendel
100
Tool/table used to predict probability
Punnett square
100
You are studying incomplete dominance. What would the offspring of a red and a white flower look like if we are observing incomplete dominance?
The offspring would be pink!
100
Another term for a family tree
A pedigree
200
Known as a 'heritable factor', every person has 2 copies
Gene
200
________ alleles are always expressed
Dominant alleles are always expressed
200
What does the term probability mean?
The likelihood of an event happening
200
You are studying co-dominance. What would the offspring of a red and a white flower look like if we are observing co-dominance?
The offspring would have both red and white petals simultaneously
200
What would be the difference between how often a gene dominant vs recessive gene is expressed in a family tree?
A dominant gene would be expressed often
A recessive gene would skip generations
300
What is the difference between a character and a trait?
Character: more broad, for example, hair color
Trait: more specific, for example, blonde, brunette, etc.
300
_______ genes are not always expressed, sometimes they can skip generations before they appear again.
Recessive genes can skip generations, usually only expressed if the offspring is homozygous for the recessive trait.
300
How many different gametes can an AABB parent make?
AA= only 1 type of gamete possible
BB=only 1 type of gamete possible
1 x 1 = 1
300
What is epistasis? Can you give an example?
a genetic phenomenon where the expression of one gene is activated or masked by the expression of another gene
An example is labradors, a dog may have the genes to make dark fur, but it is not expressed because another gene is not "on" to activate it
300
In a family tree, what would a solid/shaded square represent?
Square=male
Solid/shaded=with genetic trait
If just outline of a square, then the person does not have the genetic trait
400
Define genotype, give an example
Genotype, the genetics of the offspring
Examples: Gg, FF, Cc, dd, Ll
400
Explain the Law of Segregation
Two alleles separate during gamete formation, each gamete receives one copy of the allele
400
Which rule would you use given the following question:
What is the probability of the offspring having Bb and Cc genotype?
Multiplication Rule- we know because we see the word "AND"
So we would do Punnett squares and multiply the fractions
400
What is polygenic inheritance?
What do you notice about the offspring?
This is when a trait is affected by more than two genes
Usually shows a wide variety in offspring, most of the time people are in the middle range.
Ex: It is thought that as many as 16 genes affect eye color
400
What is a female represented by on a family tree?
A circle!
Solid/filled in circle=female affected by a trait
Outlined circle=female not affected by a trait
500
What is the phenotype of an organism? Give an example
Phenotype-how genes are expressed, the physical appearance of the organism
Hair color, eye color, etc
500
Explain the Law of Independent Assortment
Genes/alleles separate independent of each other during gamete formation
500
Which rule would you use in the following example:
Two parents with alleles AaBb and AAbb reproduce. What is the probability of the offspring being Aa or Bb?
Addition rule, because we see the word "OR"
You would do a Punnett square and add the fractions
500
What is pleiotropy? Example?
When one gene can affect many different things
For example, the gene that causes cystic fibrosis causes multiple issues:
thick lung mucus, clubbed finertips, salty sweat
500
Explain the following family tree below starting with the first generation. What type of trait are we seeing?
We see an affected male and an unaffected female having 3 children. One of those sons goes on to have a child with an unaffected female-their daughter has the disease/trait being observed.