Introduction
What is another cause of aggression other than resources?
habitat selection or territory
True or False: Subortanants experience higher levels of stress hormones when going into fights?
True
What are the three game theory models?
Hawk-dove game, war of attrition model and the sequential assessment model
A study conducted on the fish, Rivulus Marmoratus, showed evidence that a fish with two previous wins compared to a lose and a win had a significantly higher chance of winning another fight compared to the other fish. What effect is shown here?
Winner effect
The following definition relates more closely to aggression, social networks, and the winner effect. “Information flow between individuals that is analysed through visualization techniques, descriptive measures, modeling, and simulations to examine the dynamics of the society.”
Social Network
What can animals use as weapons?
Body parts
reference p. 409
What is a good communication vehicle in aggressive contacts?
Color
p.413- can see salmon coloring
What is an example of the hawk-dove game?
Bourgeois Butterflies
p.416
Gordon Schuett conducted a study on aggression in copperheads. He performed 32 trials pitted two male copperheads fighting for a female together. One male was 10% smaller than the other. In all 32 trials the bigger copperhead won. In a second experiment he took 10 winners and 10 losers and put them against the same size copperhead with no previous fights. The copperheads that lost in the first fight had a higher chance of losing in the second. What effect is shown here?
The loser effect
The concept of policing is an idea seen in pig-tailed macaques in which a small number of males in a group will break up a fight that occurs. An experiment where the policing fish were removed, the results showed that aggressive behavior became more common. How does this relate to social network theory?
The idea of the information of the policing fish being gone spreading through the population increasing the aggression of the population
What is another term for aggression?
Agonistic behavior
Does breeding programs induce more or less aggression?
more
What does the war attribution says?
Individuals can choose to display aggressively for any duration of time
Display behavior is costly- the longer the display the more energy is expanded
There are no clear cues such as size, territory possessions and so forth that constraints can use settle a contest
A study was conducted on Xiphophorus helleri, a green swordtail fish, that showed when a fish could watch the fight between two fish and was then pitted against one of the fish it was observing, the results showed that the observer would try to avoid the winner, was less likely to initiate aggressive behavior against losers that lasted long in the fight and had escalated their aggressive actions. WHat effect is this an example of?
Bystander effect
True or false: Male fish fight more when being watched by another male.
True: A study on Male Astatotilapia burtoni showed that males will fight more intensely when watched by another male than when not being watched.
What is dominance hierarchy?
Rank orderings of the individuals based on the results of pairwise aggressive interactions
In mammals, what level is low is linked with high levels of aggression but lower status?
Serotonin
True or False: Sequential assessment model refers to analyze fights in which individuals continually assess one another in a series of bouts.
True. Animals will assess themselves and each other to determine if they have a chance of winning or losing. This results in them showing more or less aggression towards an opponent.
An experiment on cichlid fish showed that when a male observes a fight, the level of testosterone in the urine significantly increases after the fight. What effect is this an example of?
Bystander effect
Is aggression and cooperation are on the same flip of a coin?
No, individuals in groups often cooperate with each other in order to compete, often aggressively with others from other groups.
Where do fish swim to avoid future aggressive interactions with individuals that have defeated them?
Near the surface
The idea of animals starting with the least dangerous type of aggressive behavior and gradually leading to the most dangerous behavior relates to what theory/model?
Sequential assessment model
During a fight between Chimpanzees, a chimp may emit a type of scream, an aggressor or a victim scream. This scream for example, can cause an observer to break up the fight. What type of effect is this an example of?
Audience effect