Chapter 18
Inoculation of smallpox into the skin is an example of
variolation
_______ vaccines weakened the pathogen, closely mimic an actual infection, confers lifelong cellular and humoral immunity
live attenuated vaccines
_____ delivers a dry formulation of a vaccine to the skin
_____ are chemical additives added to vaccines to improve effectiveness
nanopatch
Adjuvants
______ prevents a cell-mediated immune response to transplanted tissues
______ and ______suppress IL-2, disrupting cytotoxic T cells
______inhibits cellular and humoral immunity
immunosuppression
Cyclosporine and tacrolimus
Sirolimus
Preventing and treating AIDs
______ inhibitors: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
_______: use combinations of drugs to minimize survival of resistant strains
reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Highly active antiretroviral therapy
____ inoculated cowpox to prevent smallpox
Jenner
______ vaccines are safer than live vaccines, require repeated booster doses, induce mostly humoral immunity
inactivated killed
_____ probability that the test is reactive if the specimen is a true positive
______ probability that a positive test will not be reactive if a specimen is a true negative
sensitivity
____ cells are removed by immune surveillance
_____ and ______ lyse cancer cells
cancer cells
CTLs (activated Tc cells) and marcophages
HIV route of transmission
intimate sexual contact, breast milk, transplacental infection, contaminated needles, organ transplants, and blood transfusion
Suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that induce immunity
vaccine
______ vaccines use antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response
subunit
______"immortal" cancerous B cell combined with an antibody - producing normal B cell
hybridoma
_____________: due to defective or missing genes
_____________: develop during an individual's life
congenital immunodeficiencies
acquired immunodeficiencies
HIV antibodies detected by ____
Viruses detected by ________ or ____
Plasma viral load is determined by ___ or ______
ELISA
western blotting or APTIMA
PCR or nucleic acid hybridizationVaccinations provokes a primary immune response leads to the formation of _____ and ________
antibodies and memory cells
_____inactivated toxins
______ serums containing antibodies against the toxin
toxoids
antitoxins
______ are uniform, highly specific, and produced in large quantities.
- used in diagnostic tools
- used in human therapy
Mabs
Challenges of Developing HIV Vaccines
no model of natural immunity to mimic
lack of a research animal
high mutation rate
lack of understanding of the mechanisms of retroviruses
The stages of HIV infection
Phase 1:
Phase 2:
Phase 3:
Phase 1: asymptomatic or lymphadenopathy
Phase 2: T cells decline steadily, only a few infected cells release the virus
Phase 3: AIDS develops
Immunity in most of the population is called ____
herd immunity
_____ vaccines are used for diseases in children with poor immune response to capsular polysaccharides
conjugated vaccines
_______ antibodies: mabs with a mouse variable region and human constant region
_______ antibodies: mabs that are mostly human, except for mouse antigen-binding sites
_______ antibodies: mabs produced from a human gene on a mouse
chimeric monoclonal antibodies
humanized antibodies
fully human antibodies
Preventing and treating AIDs
____inhibitors: inhibit HIV integrase that integrates cDNA into the host chromosome____ inhibitors: inhibit proteases that cleave viral precursor proteins into structural and functional proteins
integrase inhibitors
protease inhibitors
The structure of HIV
Genus Lentivirus
Retrovirus
two identical strands of RNA, reverse transcriptase enzyme, phospholipid envelope
gp120 glycoprotein spikes