Nationalism & Revolution
This belief holds that loyalty should be to the people of a nation, not to a leader.
What is: Nationalism?
This process involves developing machine production for goods instead of hand production.
What is: industrialization?
This French phrase, meaning "let people do as they please," describes a policy encouraging businesses to operate without government interference.
What is: laissez-faire?
This artistic movement emphasized emotions, imagination, nature, and the thoughts & feelings of individuals, replacing Enlightenment ideals.
What is: Romanticism?
This system involves factors of production being owned by the public and working for everyone's benefit.
What is: Socialism?
In 1830, this French King attempted to establish absolute monarchy, but faced such backlash, he retreated to Great Britain.
Who is King Charles X?
This agricultural practice involves switching crops between seasons to either deplete or replenish the soil.
What is: crop rotation?
This economic system, which is the backbone of the US today, allows individuals and companies to own & control businesses & property.
What is: capitalism?
This artistic style showed the realities of life rather than focusing on beauty.
What is: Realism?
This more radical form of socialism involves means of production being owned by the people themselves.
What is: Communism?
This type of political entity occurs when a nation develops its own government, with France, England, and Spain as examples during this period.
What is a nation-state?
England had these two key natural resources that fueled machines and provided fast transportation, making it ideal for industrial development.
What are:
- Water & Coal
OR
- Rivers & Coal
Adam Smith supported laissez-faire economics in this influential book about wealth & competition.
What is: "The Wealth of Nations"?
These early photographs were named after their inventor, Louis Daguerre.
What are: daguerreotypes?
This British cotton mill owner created a utopian community by building homes, banning workers under 10, and providing free schooling.
Who was: Robert Owen?
After the 1848 republican government fell apart, this nephew of Napoleon became president & focused on infrastructure projects like railroads & public works.
Who is: Louis-Napoleon?
In 1774, James Watt partnered with this type of business person who paid a salary and encouraged him to build better steam engines.
What is: an entrepreneur
OR
Matthew Boulton
This theory suggests people should base their ideas and actions on usefulness rather than tradition or emotion.
What is: utilitarianism?
This 1860s art movement reflected how subjects appeared in a single moment in time, with Claude Monet & Edgar Degas as key figures.
What is: Impressionism?
According to Marx, capitalism would destroy itself when this working-class group revolted and retook the factories.
Who are: the proletariat?
This Russian czar implemented reforms including freeing the serfs, but was assassinated in 1881, leading to his successor continuing modernization efforts.
Who was: Alexander II?
These large fields were closed off by fencing, representing a significant change in agricultural land management during this period.
What is: an enclosure?
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote this manifesto, arguing that society was split between the wealthy bourgeoisie and the working proletariat.
What is: The Communist Manifesto?
This English Romantic poet was inspired by nature, while Victor Hugo wrote "Les Miserables & Mary Shelley created "Frankenstein".
Who was: John Keats?
Marx's ideas later inspired revolutions led by these three 20th-century leaders in Russia, China, and Cuba, respectively.
Who are:
- Joseph Lenin
- Mao Zedong
- Fidel Castro