The Microbial World
This guy was the first guy to visualize microbes using a microscope.
Who is Antonie van Leeuwenhoek?
Scientific studies provide evidence that life originated 3.5-4 billion years ago from nonliving matter in a series of this number of stages.
What is four (4)?
These stages are organic monomers (amino acids and nucleotides), organic polymers (proteins, RNA, DNA), protobionts, and living cells.
Archaea and bacteria are not closely related but diverged from a common ancestor soon after life began. They are however both prokaryotes which is defined as.
What are single-cell organisms lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
The method how bacteria reproduce
What is binary fission?
The two main components to all viruses?
What are capsids (the outer portion made up of proteins) and the nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA)?
What are organisms too small to been seen without a microscope.
All life on Earth can be traced back to this single common ancestor.
What is last universal common ancestor (LUCA)?
Archaea reproduce asexually through this process.
What is binary fission?
What is peptidoglycan?
When a virus lies dormant within a host cell. This allows for it to avoid detection from the host immune system.
What is latency?
The most common type of prokaryote on Earth?
What are bacteria?
This famous experiment tested the primordial soup hypothesis. This hypothesis is that when Earth was young they were filled with simple chemical important for life and that they would eventually self-assemble into simple living cells. The proposed energy sources to catalyze these reactions included heat from volcanoes, radioactivity from isotopes, electrical discharges from lightning, and solar radiation
What is the Miller-Urey experiment?
This experiment mixed methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen (H2), and water into a closed system. This system was heated and provided an electric spark. After a week, it was discovered that amino acids and other organic acids had been produced.
The three similarities between Domains Archaea and Eukarya.
What are they both share some of the same ribosomal proteins (not found in bacteria), initiate transcription in the same manner, and have similar types of tRNA?
This type of bacteria is able to use photosynthesis.
What are cyanobacteria?
Small changes in a virus.
What is antigenic drift?
These are proteinaceous (no nucleic acids), infectious particles that convert a normal cellular protein into an abnormal form, which accumulates and damages brain tissue.
What are prions?
These are thought to be the first true cell. They possessed an outer membrane, which helps regulate and maintain cellular activities.
What are protobionts?
Also accepted: what are protocells?
This structure is markedly different from bacteria and eukaryotes and helps some archaea tolerate acid and heat.
What is the plasma membrane?
It is different because it is a single lipid layer (bacteria and eukaryotes are a bilipid) and has branched side chains.
What is bacilli?
Singular: bacillus
Spherical are coccus/cocci and there are also spirillum (spiral).
New combinations of surface spikes on viruses.
What is antigenic shift?
Naked, circular RNA molecules that do not code for proteins and infects only plant cells.
What are viroids?
This hypothesis states that polypeptides and RNA evolved simultaneously.
What is the Cairns-Smith Hypothesis?
The three main types of archaea which are based on their unique habitats and metabolism.
What are halophiles (like salt), thermoacidophiles (like heat and acid), and methanogens (like methane)?
These five (5) components of bacteria are considered to be outside the cell.
What are flagella, fimbrae, capsule, cell wall and plasma membrane?
The six steps of the typical reproductive cycle of an enveloped animal virus.
What are attachment, entry, replication, biosynthesis, assembly and budding?