misc
up to ___ months being infected, individuals can have a false negative result
6
what is an opportunistic infection?
an infection that would not usually harm an individual with a healthy immune system
what is Kaposi Sarcoma?
dark blue lesions in skin and mucous membranes
how many medications are used in a PEP regimen?
3 or more
Nursing interventions for the patient receiving antiviral drugs for the treatment of HIV would include
monitoring renal and hepatic function periodically during therapy
administering the drugs just once a day to increase drug effectiveness
encouraging the patient to avoid eating if GI upset is severe
stopping the drugs and notifying the prescriber if severe rash occurs
1. monitoring renal and hepatic function periodically during therapy
mechanism of action of NRTIs
inhibit viral replication by interfering with HIV and viral RNA dependent DNA
(inhibit enzymes to prevent HIV replication by blocking conversion from RNA to DNA)
what is a side effect/adverse reaction of an intergrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTIs)
(dolutegravir, elvitegravir, raltegravir)
rnhabdomylosis
what are some suggestions to promote patient adherence?
drug organizers, mobile device alarms, drug map with pictures, drug diary, support, education
how many days does the PEP regimen last and what is required to discontinue the medication?
lasts 28 days
patient must test negative for HIV at 28 days
During routine prenatal testing, a patient is diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus infection. To help prevent perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus to the fetus, which nursing action is best?
a. Provide the patient with contact information for an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome support group.
b. Educate the patient about the risks of human immunodeficiency virus disease to the fetus.
c. Notify the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the patient’s diagnosis.
d. Provide written and oral education about the use of antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy
d. Provide written and oral education about the use of antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy
mechanism of action of protease inhibitors
inhibit protease activity causing release of noninfectious particles
what are some side effects/adverse reactions of a CCR5 antagonist (maraviroc)
upper respiratory infection, cough, pyrexia, hepatotoxicity
what is the goal of antiretroviral therapy in pregnancy
to prevent perinatal transmission
if a healthcare worker is exposed to HIV, PEP should be initiated within how many hours?
72 hours
HIV selectively enters which of the following cells?
a. B clones
b. helper T cells
c. supressor T cells
d. cytotoxic T cells
b. helper T cells
what are the 4 NRTIs?
Tenofovir, Abacavir, Lamivudine, Zidovudine
name a protease inhibitor (PI) and a side effect/adverse reaction
Atozanavir or Ritonavir
hyperlipidemia
A recent laboratory results indicated an “undetectable” human immunodeficiency virus viral load. Which response is best by the nurse?
a. Inform the patient that they must be seen immediately because the undetectable viral load indicates that the medication stopped working.
b. Have the patient reschedule the clinic visit.
c. Congratulate the patient on the treatment success.
d. Educate the patient about the continued need for medications and ongoing laboratory monitoring.
d. Educate the patient about the continued need for medications and ongoing laboratory monitoring.
what is used to treat healthcare professionals if they are exposed to HIV?
PEP management plan
A patient is to start on efavirenz. Which points are important for the nurse to include in health teaching for this patient? (Select all that apply.)
a. The dose is given at bedtime to minimize central nervous system adverse effects.
b. Alcohol should be avoided because of adverse effects to the liver.
c. The dose should be taken after breakfast to minimize central nervous system adverse effects.
d. High-fat meals can increase absorption of the medication.
e. Hyperglycemia, jaundice, and diabetes mellitus are side effects
a, b, d
name 4 side effects/adverse reactions of NRTIs?
nausea, peripheral neuropathy, fatigue, leukopenia
what medication is a NNRTI? and what is a side effect/adverse reaction of this med?
Efavirenz
neuropathy
The nurse advises human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients about blood draws to obtain a CD4+ count. Which information would be correct?
a. Laboratory tests should be done at the same laboratory at approximately the same time of day
b. A 10-hour fast is required for laboratory tests
c. Laboratory tests will need to be obtained approximately 1 hour after taking antiretroviral medications
d. It does not matter where the labs are conducted as long as it is done
a. Laboratory tests should be done at the same laboratory at approximately the same time of day
what additional side effects that usually subside within a few weeks should you educate the patient about?
nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and headaches
In collaboration with a patient on antiretroviral therapy, the nurse formulates a plan of care. Which items are appropriate to include in planning? (Select all that apply.)
a. Viral load will become and remain undetectable.
b. The patient will not experience secondary infection.
c. New onset of symptoms and side effects will be promptly reported.
d. Laboratory blood work will be within normal limits.
e. The patient will adhere to the medication regimen and will report any difficulties related to adherence.
a, b, c, e