Pressure Dynamics
If water is completely at rest or without motion within a system, it is considered to be this type of pressure.
What is static pressure?
This term defines the speed at which a fluid travels through a hose or a pipe.
What is velocity?
This is the specific name for a hydrant that receives its water supply from only one direction.
What is dead-end hydrant?
Handline nozzles are commonly designed to handle flow rates that fall below this maximum gallon-per-minute threshold.
What is less than 350 gpm (1,400 L/min)?
At sea level, this is the standard numerical weight of atmospheric pressure exerted on the earth.
What is 14.7 psi (100 kpa)?
This specific type of pressure is found in a water distribution system during times of normal consumption demands.
What is normal operating pressure?
This is the part of total pressure that is lost while forcing water through pipes, fittings, hose, or adapters.
This periodic maintenance activity helps reduce the adverse effects of friction loss caused by encrustation and sedimentation in water mains.
What is flushing hydrants periodically?
This precise value represents the constant used when calculating water discharge rates using standard U.S. gallons per minute formulas.
What is 29.7 (or 0.067 for metric)?
This fundamental force is the root cause behind both elevation pressure gains and elevation pressure losses.
What is gravity?
This term describes the forward velocity pressure of water as it flows directly from a discharge opening.
What is flow pressure?
This happens to friction loss as the overall length of your hose or piping system increases.
What is it increases?
When measuring the elevation of a water supply system, this pump component serves as the baseline comparison point.
What is the centerline of the pump?
This severe hydraulic shockwave occurs when water moving through a hose or pipe is suddenly stopped.
What is a water hammer?
This is the primary physical restriction you must overcome when pushing water through couplings, adapters, or valves.
What is friction loss?
Defined as the remaining pressure in a system after overcoming friction loss, this is the context of water flow under load.
What is residual pressure?
This smooth type of flow occurs when water travels through a hose in an even, parallel fashion with minor friction loss.
What is laminar flow?
Elevation refers to the height or drop when comparing the centerline of the pump to this specific terminal point.
What is the nozzle?
This is the type of pressure loss or gain that is completely dictated by gravity based on your operating height.
What is elevation pressure?
This is what happens to the velocity of water when a nozzle opening is narrowed while keeping the pressure constant.
What is it increases?
This type of pressure is defined as any pressure measurement that reads less than atmospheric pressure.
What is vacuum?
This chaotic movement of water through a hose occurs as water travels at much higher speeds.
What is turbulent flow?
This specific instrument and tool combo is used by firefighters to measure the forward velocity of flow pressure.
What is a pitot tube and gauge?
To ensure proper flow calculations, this metadata feature must be explicitly verified for all image-based questions when using a digital screen reader.
What is image alt-text?
This is the single directional feed structure that makes a dead-end hydrant highly vulnerable to drastic drops in residual pressure.
What is receiving water from only one direction?