4.1 & 4.3
What two conditions must be met for a molecule to be classified as an organic molecule?
1. Molecule that energy can be extracted from and used to do work on another process
2. Molecule containing at least one C-H bond
Ribosomes are assembled in this part of the cell.
What is the nucleolus?
What are the 2 semiautonomous organelles?
chloroplasts and mitochondria
This organelle is unique to plant cells and provides storage and structure for plants.
Central vacuole
This type of bond forms between a partially positive hydrogen and another electronegative atom/molecule.
What is a hydrogen bond?
You are in a lab comparing human muscle cells and human liver cells under a microscope. Would you expect their genomes to be the same? How about the proteomes?
The genome is all of the genetic material and is the same in every cell of an organism.
The proteome is the proteins produced by a specific cell and differs between cell types.
Without this, cells would lack the semifluid environment that serves as an ideal medium for important chemical reactions to occur.
The cytosol
What is the main component of the extracellular matrix in animals?
Protein fibers
What is the primary function of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
To resist compression which protects cells
What are the reactant species and what are the product species in this chemical reaction?
2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2
Hydrogen peroxide is the reactant and water and oxygen are the products
DNA, RNA and protein polymers were formed in this stage of the Origin of Living Cells on Earth.
What was stage 2 of the Origin of Living Cells on Earth?
Sperm cells having a flagella that allows them to swim is an example of this kind of cellular movement.
Whole cell movement
When studying the leaf cells of a red maple tree (Acer rubrum), you identify an organelle that contains its own circular genome as well as many stacks of disc-like structures with lots of pigmentation.
What organelle have you most likely identified?
Chloroplasts
When analyzing a human liver cell, you find that it is unable to properly break down hydrogen peroxide and it is accumulating to dangerous levels in the cytosol. What organelle would you suspect is not functioning properly?
Peroxisomes
If the pH of a solution is going up, the concentration of H+ ions is _____
decreasing
You come across an aggregate of molecules that have a very simple phospholipid membrane, some primitive catalytic RNA molecules, and find that they self-replicate. What do you think you have found?
Protobionts
A muscle cell would be unable to contract properly if it was missing this cytoskeletal filament
Actin
In order to make milk, the lactocytes in cows must secrete casein protein in order to produce milk that is rich in protein for their calfs. What kind of sorting signal would you expect casein proteins to have when they are being synthesized in these cells.
Cotranslational sorting signal
If a cell has a large build up of old/dysfunctional organelles, macromolecules, and other materials, what organelle might not be functioning properly?
Lysosomes
Give all 6 characteristics used to define LIFE
1. Cells are the simplest units of life
2. Living organisms use energy
3. Living organisms interact with their environment
4. Living organisms maintain homeostasis
5. The genetic material (DNA) is the blueprint that allows organisms to grow, develop, and reproduce
6. Populations of organisms evolve
What 4 things do all living cells have?
1. Cell membrane
2. Ribosomes
3. Cytosol
4. Genetic material (DNA)
The next step for a casein protein with a cotranslational sorting signal would be to enter what organelle after being synthesized and being "threaded" into the endoplasmic reticulum?
There are 2 correct answers
It would either remain in the ER or be sent to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and modification
What polysaccharide gives the cell walls its strength in plants?
Cellulose
A protein that is destined for a peroxisome would have this kind of sorting signal.
Post-translational sorting signal
The process by which two monomers are broken apart.
What is hydrolysis?