Basic Concepts
This is the branch of philosophy that explicitly states the rules for deriving valid conclusions.
What is Logic?
Observations are collected to formulate hypotheses.
What is Inductive Reasoning?
Diagrams that represent critical information along branches.
What are Tree Diagrams?
Statements of a contingency relationship where if the antecedent is true, the consequent must be true.
What are “If, Then” Statements?
These statements allow the inference of logical conclusions.
What are Premises?
Use of premises to derive conclusions that are logically certain.
What is Deductive Reasoning?
When “if, then” statements are linked so the consequent of one is the antecedent of another.
What is Chained Conditional?
In “if, then” statements, this is the information in the “if” clause.
What is the Antecedent?
An inferential belief derived from other statements.
What is a Conclusion?
Reasoning that infers orderly relationships along a single dimension.
What is Linear Ordering (or Linear Syllogism)?
Concerns the real-world validity or applications of a concept outside of the laboratory.
What is "Ecological Validity"?
In “if, then” statements, this is the information in the “then” clause.
What is the Consequent?
Conclusions in deductive reasoning tasks that do not accord with the rules of logic.
What is Illogical?
The mood of statements with "Some A are not B".
What is Particular Negative?
The informal rules people use to determine validity.
What is Personal Logic?
Believing "If A, then B" also means "If B, then A".
What is Illicit Conversion?
An argument that has a valid conclusion and true premises.
What is Sound?
The mood of statements with "All A are B".
What is Universal Affirmative?
This reasoning error is demonstrated in a task where subjects must indicate which of four cards they need to turn over to verify a rule. It highlights flawed reasoning, such as improperly reversing logical statements or assuming the antecedent is true because the consequent is observed
What are illicit conversion or affirming the consequent?
Concluding that the "if" part is false in “if, then” reasoning.
What is Denying the Antecedent?