CH. 4,5,6 Review

Sleep/Dreams

100

Describe characteristics of REM:

Rapid eye movement REM dreams are vivid The cycles get longer and shorter up the stages of sleep

200

What is the difference between sleep apnea, insomnia, and narcolepsy?

Sleep apnea: the person stops breathing for 10 secs or more, struggles to get air into the lungs. Insomnia: inability to sleep, physiological and psychological causes- too much caffeine, anxiety, etc Narcolepsy: "Sleep Seizure" the person slips into REM during the day. Can fall asleep suddenly

300

Name the 4 types of brain waves and describe each:

Beta: awake, alert, active, short, fast, and repetitious waves Alpha: still awake, very relaxed state, ex) watching tv Theta: asleep, light sleep, stage 1 of sleep, slow waves Delta: deep sleep, stage 3, REM sleep comes after this stage

400

Differnence between Frued's interpretation of dreams (manifest and latent content) vs. activation synthesis hypothesis?

Frued: wish fulfillment, conflicts and desires are reflected in dreams (Manifest: the actual dream itself. Latent: the hidden meaning of that dream) Activation Synthesis hypothesis: dreams are a product of random signals, with brain forming explanation of memories. Info that you take in during the day gets processed into memory and can influence dreams

500

What is a circadian cycle?

the sleep-awake cycle 24 hours remember the timeline in lecture

Drugs

100

What are the 3-(4) categories of drugs?

Stimulants Depressants --(Opiates) Hallucinogenics

200

What are the characteristics of nicotine, amphetamines and cocaine?

All stimulants Nicotine: #1 killer worldwide raises blood pressure, raises dopamine levels, very addictive Amp: "Meth" ,can become violent, stay awake for long hours Cocaine: Feelings of euphoria, energy and power, suppresses appetite.

300

Alcohol characteristics:

Most commonly used along with nicotine Depressant, but commonly confused as a stimulant, why? Reduces inhibitions GABA receptors slow down balance and thinking are effected

400

Characteristics of Morphine, Heroin, Opium:

Morphine: used in hospitals, pain reliever Heroin: "wonder drug" very addictive and harmful side effects Opium: From poppy flower, pain relieving, euphoric

500

Manufactured vs Non-Manufactured Hallucinogens:

Manufactured: LSD, PCP, MDMA (ecstasy) Non manufactured: marijuana

Learning

100

Describe Classical Conditioning and its parts. Use an example

UCS(food)---> UCR(salivation) CS (bell)----> CR (salivation)

200

Describe Generalization, Discrimination, Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery

Generalization: respond to two stimuli the same way Ex) baby being afraid of bunny and rat, both fuzzy animals Discrimination: Discriminating between two stimuli Ex) can tell the difference between that bunny and rat Extinction: When the learned Conditioned response dies out and fades away Ex) The fear goes away Spontaneous Recovery: the conditioned response breifly comes back when the original CS reappears. Ex) Seeing a rat and a bunny together makes the baby afraid briefly

300

What is the difference between a primary and secondary reinforcer?

Primary: anything that fulfills a basic need, such as hunger, thrist, pleasure, etc Secondary: reinforces the properties of the primary reinforcer Ex) Money -> pays for other things

400

What are the 4 ways of behavior modification in Operant Conditioning?

Positive reinforcement: adding something of value or desired ex) getting a gold star on Hw Negative reinforcement: removing something unpleasant ex)fastening seat belt to make the alarm stop from sounding Positive Punishment: adding something unpleasant ex) getting a spanking for disobeying Negative Punishment: removing something valued ex) losing a privilege such as going out with friends

500

Describe Observational learning, latent learning and learned helplessness:

Obsv Learning: learning a new behavior by watching the actions of a model ex) bobo doll Latent Learning: cognitive map is hidden (latent) until the learning has a reward associated with it. ex) rats learning a maze but dont go through it without cheese as a reward Learned Helplessness: the failure to act from a situation because of repeated failures ex) dog jumping over shcoked floor, depression

Memory

100

What are the 4 models of memory:

Info processing model Parallel distribution model (connectionist thoery) Levels of Processing 3 Stage Memory Model

200

How many seconds does Sensory memory last and how many seconds can you hold that info?

Ionic: 1/4-1/2 sec Echoic: 2-4 secs

300

What is necessary for sensory memory to store into STM, and then how does STM get into LTM? How many chunks can STM hold?

Sensory memory----> selective attn ---> STM --->Maintence rehersal and storage encoding ----->LTM 7 +- 2

400

What is the Primacy and Recency Effect?

More likely to remember the first and last part of a sequence. Ex) numbers in a row, interviewees

500

What are the 2 types of LTM and describe them:

Explicit(Declarative Memory): - Semantic: general knowledge, facts, etc - Episodic: Events of a persons life, emotional attachment Implicit: (Non-declarative Memory): - Procedural: procedures we automatically do - Classical Conditioning: learned responses we remember - Priming: primed reactions, elicit a certain reaction

Retrieval of Memories

100

What is the difference between recall and recognition?

Recall: memories are retrieved with few or no external cues ex) filling in blanks on application form Recognition: involves looking at info and matching it to what is already in memory.

200

What are the two types of interference theories?

Proactive: the tendency for older material learned to interfere with new material being learned. Reactive: the tendency for newer material learned to interfere with older material already learned.

300

Encoding failure theory: Retrieval Failure theory: Motivated forgetting theory: Decay Theory:

Don't attend to details, failure to process memory tip of the tongue supression and regression use it or lose it

400

Anterograde amnesia: Retrograde amnesia: Alzheimers disease:

- damage is anterior, cant process new memories, can be permanent, often maintain implicit memory - damage is retro, looses memories of the past, usually temporary - Lose past memories/details, lose explicit/ declarative memory, retain implicit, starts at age 45-55, parietal and temporal lobes affected

500

Name some areas of the brain that involves memory:

amygdala basal ganglia cerebellum hippocampus thalamus