Ch.5
When people belonging to a whole group are associated with certain traits or characteristics, it is known as...
Stereotyping
Enya (a woman) was taking a math test and was reminded beforehand that women perform badly on math tests. She then fails her test. This is an example of what?
Stereotype threat
Being asked to think about one’s mortality tends to
A. decrease of ingroup bias
B.increase ingroup bias.
C. promote intergroup harmony.
B.increase ingroup bias.
(Terror Management Theory)
Describe central vs. peripheral route to persuasion
Central = rational
Peripheral= emotional
Marge believes rather strongly that more money should be devoted to environmental concerns. However, she is agitated because she just signed a petition for a friend advocating the logging of a local forest in order to create new jobs. She then seems to soften her stance about the environment. This is best explained by what theory?
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Negative feelings directed at others strictly because of their membership in a certain group is called..
Arnold is not a cheerleader and doesn’t know any cheerleaders personally, but when he sees them at the football games, they are always smiling. Arnold is likely to...
A. think that all cheerleaders are happy
B. e able to distinguish cheerleaders from one another only if they are smiling.
C. notice the ways in which each cheerleader is unique.
A. think that all cheerleaders are happy
The Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that
A. ingroup favoritism is inevitable.
B.social dominance is a natural aspect of the human race.
C. prejudice can result from intergroup competition.
C. prejudice can result from intergroup competition.
Why is it that people in a positive mood are more susceptible to persuasion?
Multiple answers:
Happy people want to maintain that mood, so they don’t want to ruin it with critical evaluation of information.
A positive emotional state is cognitively distracting, making evaluation of arguments difficult.
A good mood makes you feel that all is well, and you don’t work as hard to evaluate arguments.
A political candidate is often eager to win the endorsement of celebrities who are popular with hordes of people. The candidate hopes that the association of his or her campaign with a popular figure will result in the masses feeling more favorable toward his or her candidacy due to..
A. evaluative conditioning.
B. inoculation.
C. sleeper effect
A. evaluative conditioning.
According to the self-regulation of prejudiced responses model, ____ motivated individuals may learn to control their prejudices ____ effectively over time.
A. internally; more
B. internally; less
C. externally; evenly
A. internally; more
The Jets and the Sharks are two groups of local youths who regularly—and belligerently—compete against each other. The Robbers Cave experiment would suggest that one way of healing the rift between these groups is to...
A. have each group note the good qualities of the other group.
B. have them work together on a goal that requires cooperative efforts.
C.force one group to accept the belief that they are inferior to the other.
B. have them work together on a goal that requires cooperative efforts.
The study by Strachan and others (2002) found that subliminal cues regarding thirst influenced how much Kool-Aid participants drank only when they were...
already thirsty
What are the four steps in the dissonance process?
freely choose to engage in the attitude-discrepant behavior
experience physiological arousal as a result of their behavior.
attribute their arousal to the attitude-discrepant behavior.
change attitude to relieve the discomfort
While shopping at the local mall, Ithon is approached by a person who asks her to sign a petition for stricter gun control laws. If Ithon uses the central route to decide whether to sign the petition, then she will be more likely to sign if the person who approaches her is a...
A. physically attractive man
B. veteran member of the National Rifle Association
C. campaigner whose arguments are strong and well-thought out.
C. campaigner whose arguments are strong and well-thought out.
Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity are called ____, and groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity are called ____.
ingroups and outgroups
Two neighboring high schools have been feuding since the annual football game ended in a tie. The principals of the schools decide that the tension may subside if the two schools participate in joint activities, such as assemblies that would allow the students to hear a local band. The strategy is likely to be ineffective, however, because..
A. the principals have established the wrong social norm.
B. the two groups have equal status.
C.students at the two schools are unlikely to have personal contact at the event.
C.students at the two schools are unlikely to have personal contact at the event.
Tristan had to choose between two potential mates, Charlie and Ryan, on the final episode of the original The Bachelorette. In the end, she chose Ryan. Several weeks later, a reporter interviewed Tristan about her feelings toward the two men. How will she most likely express her feelings at the time of the interview if she is trying to avoid postdecision dissonance?
A. Tristan suggests that she was impressed by his career ambitions at first, but has come to realize that Charlie’s busy work schedule would have been an obstacle to a successful relationship.
B. Tristan has come to notice a variety of “little things” about Ryan that are starting to annoy her, including his penchant for writing really bad poetry.
C. Tristan says that her attitudes about both men have become more negative with the benefit of hindsight.
A. Tristan suggests that she was impressed by his career ambitions at first, but has come to realize that Charlie’s busy work schedule would have been an obstacle to a successful relationship.
Impression management theory suggests that people change their attitudes to match their behaviors in an effort to..
A. be consistent
B. appear consistent
C. restore positive self-image
B. appear consistent
Shawna wants to join a sorority. This sorority has recently decided to put incoming members through various forms of initiation. Based on the findings of Aronson and Mills (1959), which type of initiations is most likely to lead Shawna to identify strongly with the sorority and to value her membership in the group in the effort to avoid cognitive dissonance?
A severely unpleasant initiation
Research findings regarding dehumanization indicate that...
A. it has occurred in every culture in every time era in recorded history.
B. people tend to process outgroup faces in a manner similar to their processing of nonhuman objects.
C. dehumanization of outgroups is typically associated with reactions of greater empathy.
B. people tend to process outgroup faces in a manner similar to their processing of nonhuman objects.
You think all professors are a bit nerdy and have abstract interests. You find out that your social psychology professor can sing the theme song to any television show that aired in the 1970s or 1980s and is also fluent in the Star Trek language of Klingon. You believe that your stereotype has been confirmed by this professor. This is an example of what kind of bias?
Confirmation bias
Jacqueline, an attitude researcher, is interested in how people feel about alcohol. She wants to ensure that her respondents answer with greater honesty and with less positive spin. She would be well-advised to use the...
A. bogus pipeline.
B. Likert Scale
C. sleeper effect
A. bogus pipeline.
The process by which we form an attitude toward a neutral stimulus because of its association with a positive or negative person, place, or thing is called...
A. evaluative conditioning
B. persuasion
C. reactance
A. evaluative conditioning
Marcia has two boyfriends, Davie and Mickey, both of whom she likes very much. She has decided that dating both of them is making her life too complicated and, after careful deliberation, has decided to stop seeing Davie and continue dating Mickey. According to cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following should happen next?
A. Davie will seem more attractive than ever, making Marcia regret her decision.
B. Mickey will seem more attractive than ever, convincing Marcia that she made the right choice.
C. Marcia will develop an intense dislike for Mickey as she grows familiar with him.
B. Mickey will seem more attractive than ever, convincing Marcia that she made the right choice.