Glomerulonephritis
Nephrotic Syndrome
Renal Calculi
Renal Calculi
Random
100

What is glomerunephritis?

 Inflammation of the glomeruli

100

What is nephrotic syndrome?

Glomerulus permeable to plasma protein causing proteinuria leading to low albumin and edema

100

What are renal calculi?

This are also known as kidney stones.

100

What is diagnostics for renal calculi?

 Noncontrast helical (spiral) CT scan 

 Ultrasound 

 Urinalysis 

 24-hour urine 

 Retrieval and analysis of stones—important to determine problem contributing to stone formation

100

Describe renal artery stenosis

 Partial occlusion of one or both renal arteries and major branches 

 Causes: atherosclerosis 

 Manifestations: sudden HTN 

• Ages less than 30 and more than 50 years 

 Diagnostic studies: renal duplex Doppler ultrasound, CT or MRI angiography, and renal arteriogram

 Treatment goals: 

 Control BP and restore renal perfusion 

 Treatments: Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty, Surgical revascularization, Nephrectomy (if one kidney involved  

200

What is the manifestations of glomerulonephritis?

 Generalized edema, hypertension, oliguria, hematuria, varying degrees of proteinuria, fluid retention 

 Periorbital edema first then progresses to total body including ascites and peripheral edema 

 Smoky urine—bleeding in upper urinary tract 

 Proteinuria—varies with glomerulonephropathy 

 HTN—increased ECF volume 

 Abdominal or flank pain 

 May be asymptomatic; found on routine urinalysis

200

What are the manifestations of nephrotic syndrome?

 Peripheral edema, massive proteinuria, HTN, hyperlipidemia, hypoalbuminemia, foamy urine 

• Decreased albumin; ascites and anasarca when severe hypoalbuminemia is present 

• Immune response altered results in infection 

• Hypocalcemia and skeletal abnormalities 

• Hypercoagulability

200
What are the types of renal calculi?

 Calcium oxalate 

 Calcium phosphate 

 Cystine 

 Struvite 

 Uric acid

200

Treatment for renal calculi?

Flomax, pain meds, surgical procedures, lithotripsy, cystoscopy, and so on.

200

Describe renal vein thrombosis

 Causes: trauma, extrinsic compression, renal cell cancer, pregnancy, contraceptive use, and nephrotic syndrome 

 Manifestations: flank pain, hematuria, or nephrotic syndrome 

 Treatments: Anticoagulation 

300

What diagnostics test are available for glomeruloneprhitis? 

Cystoscopy & renal biopsy

300

Treatment for nephrotic syndrome?

• Corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide 

• Manage diabetes

• ACE inhibitor, ARB, diuretics 

• Antihyperlipidemic drugs 

 Decrease in serum protein stimulates liver 

• Anticoagulants 

• Low-sodium, moderate protein diet; small, frequent meals

300

What causes renal calculi?

diet, excess amount of tea or fruit juices, protein, lots of salt, and so on.

300

What food should be restricted with renal calculi?

Purine, calcium, oxalate

300

Describe polycystic kidney disease

 Affects both kidneys in men and women 

 Cortex and medulla filled with thin-walled cysts that destroy surrounding tissue by compression 

 Cysts are filled with fluid; may have blood or pus 

 Signs and symptoms develop at 30 to 40 years of age 

 Clinical manifestations (initial): HTN; hematuria; pain or heavy feeling in back, side or abdomen; UTI or urinary stones; may be asymptomatic 

 Most common problem: chronic, severe pain

400

Treatment for glomerulonephritis?

 Treatments: correct fluid overload, HTN, uremia, and injury to kidney 

• Corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide 

• Plasmapheresis 

• Dialysis and transplant

400

Nursing management for nephrotic syndrome?

 Nursing: manage edema; provide support 

• Daily weights, accurate I & O, measure abdomen or extremities 

• Avoid infection

400

What are the clinical manifestations of renal calculi?

 First symptom—sudden, severe pain (renal colic) 

 Flank area, back, or lower abdomen 

 Ureter stretches, dilates, and spasms 

 May see: nausea and vomiting; “kidney stone dance;” dysuria, fever, chills; moist, cool skin

400

Describe adult PKD

 Kidneys are enlarged; may be palpable 

 Affects other structures: liver, heart, blood vessels, intestines, and brain 

 Diagnostic studies: ultrasound or CT scan 

 Also consider: clinical findings and family history 

 Treatment: no cure 

 Prevent or treat UTI 

 Nephrectomy 

 Dialysis and kidney transplant 

 Nursing: management for ESRD; genetic counseling

500

How big is to big for a renal calculi?

4 mm or less can pass spontaneously

7 mm or more needs to be busted up