Learning Through Conditioning
learning that occurs when a neutral
stimulus becomes associated with
a stimulus that naturally produces a
behavior
Classical Conditioning
Personally experienced events
Episodic Memory
an inability to retrieve
events that occurred
before a given time
retrograde amnesia
Stimuli that are naturally preferred by the organism
Primary enforcers
A neutral stimulus that, after repeated
pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, evokes a response
similar to that triggered by the unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus
An increase in retrieval when
the external situation in which
information is learned matches
the situation in which it is
remembered
Context-Dependent Learning
The inability to transfer
information from short-
term into long-term
memory
Anterograde amnesia
Adverse consequence that reduces a behavior
Punishment
The tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned
stimulus
Generalization
Previous learning impairs
encoding of information
we try to learn later.
Area of the brain involved in the initial processing of
explicit memories
Hippocampus
The act of removing an unpleasant stimulus with the aim of increasing desired behavior.
Negative Reinforcement
After a pause, when the conditioned stimulus is again presented alone, the behavior may again occur
and then again show extinction.
Spontaneous Recovery
People better retrieve items at the beginning and end
of a list than items in the middle
Serial-position effect
Area of the brain involved in implicit memory, such as
forming associations
Cerebellum
a method for behavior modification that strengthens a behavior by adding something pleasurable as a reward after the occurrence of the behavior.
Positive Reinforcement
Process of guiding an organism’s behavior to the desired outcome through the use of successive approximations to a final desired behavior
Shaping
Processing new information in ways that make it more meaningful or relevant
Elaborative Encoding
Area of the brain which stores important emotional memories,
especially those associated with fear
Amygdala
Behavior is reinforced after an
average, but unpredictable,
number of responses
Variable-Ratio