Priests
This leader oversaw all religious ceremonies and advised the ruler.
High Priest
These symbols formed the Egyptian system of writing students learned.
Hieroglyphs
These skilled workers created statues, engravings, and reliefs found in temples and tombs.
Stone carvers
This river controlled the three farming seasons described in the section.
Nile
This official advised the ruler and carried out commands.
Vizier
This holy room held the statue believed to house a god.
Sanctuary
This plant-based paper was used for writing records.
Papyrus
This very hard rock is mentioned as material artisans often worked with.
Granite
These two crops were used to make bread and beer.
Wheat and Barley
This official’s main duty was to collect taxes.
Chief treasurer
This process preserved bodies because Egyptians believed in an afterlife.
Embalming
These people ran schools where boys trained to become writers.
Priests
Artisans first shaped objects using this hard rock before carving details.
Dolerite
During flooding season, peasants often worked on these royal building projects.
Pyramids and temples
In art, this color symbolized neutrality for a fair judge.
White
During mummification, Egyptians believed this organ judged a person’s soul.
Heart
This official population count was recorded by writers.
Census
After pounding the stone, artisans used chisels made of this metal to carve finer details.
Copper
Men cut grain using these metal blades with short wooden handles.
Sickles
After the ruler, this military leader advised on war and national security.
General of armies
This large stone coffin held the wooden box containing a mummy.
Sarcophagus
Scribes used finely sharpened reeds as this.
Pens
Due to their low status, even the most talented of artisans were not allowed to do this to their work.
Sign their work
If a farmer’s harvest failed and taxes couldn’t be paid, this punishment occurred.
Brutal beating
Lavish meals featuring roasted ducks, geese, antelope, fruit, bread, and plenty of beer and wine showed officials’ luxurious lifestyle at these events.
banquets