Protestant Reformation
leader of Protestant movement and author of what text
What is 95 theses, who is Martin Luther
Focused on doctrine, discipline, and education
The Council of Trent addressed these three key aspects of Catholicism in response to Protestant challenges.
This concept, championed during the Enlightenment, challenged the Catholic Church's belief in divine right by advocating for the authority of reason over traditional authority.
What is secularism or the separation of church and state?
This mathematician formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, revolutionizing scientific thought.
Who is Isaac Newton?
This French philosopher is famous for his advocacy of separation of powers and checks and balances in government.
Who is Montesquieu?
Two monetary complaints by protestants
This religious order played a crucial role in spearheading the Catholic Reformation, focusing on education and missionary work.
What are the Jesuits (Society of Jesus)?
This Enlightenment thinker is known for his work on the principle of tolerance, challenging religious intolerance and advocating for freedom of thought.
Who is John Locke?
This Polish astronomer proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, challenging geocentric beliefs.
Who is Nicolaus Copernicus?
This Scottish philosopher is often considered the father of modern economics due to his work on "The Wealth of Nations."
Who is Adam Smith?
This term refers to the religious and political conflict that swept across central Europe following the Reformation.
What is the Thirty Years' War?
This papal decree in 1545 reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and addressed church abuses, marking a significant response to the Reformation.
What is the Council of Trent?
This scientific theory directly contradicted the Catholic Church's geocentric model of the universe, aligning with Enlightenment ideals of empirical observation and evidence-based inquiry.
What is the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus and Galileo?
This Italian scientist is known for his contributions to modern physics, including the telescope and observations of celestial bodies.
Who is Galileo Galilei?
This philosopher championed freedom of speech and religious tolerance, advocating for individual rights.
Who is Voltaire?
This English monarch broke ties with the Catholic Church, establishing the Church of England in the 16th century.
Who is Henry VIII?
This Spanish mystic and reformer worked to reinvigorate Catholicism, emphasizing personal devotion and spiritual life.
Who is Teresa of Ávila?
This principle, fundamental to the Enlightenment, urged individuals to question traditional beliefs and authority, including those enforced by the Catholic Church.
What is skepticism or critical thinking?
This English philosopher is regarded as one of the founders of modern philosophy, advocating for empirical observation and the scientific method.
Who is Francis Bacon?
This English philosopher's ideas on natural rights and social contract greatly influenced political thought during the Enlightenment.
Who is John Locke?
He founded a religious group in Switzerland that rejected elaborate religious rituals and emphasized predestination.
Who is John Calvin?
This powerful Catholic monarch in Spain staunchly defended Catholicism during the Reformation, often through aggressive measures.
Who is King Philip II?
This Enlightenment philosopher criticized the political power of the Catholic Church, advocating for a social contract theory that aimed to limit arbitrary authority.
Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
This German astronomer is known for his three laws of planetary motion, laying the groundwork for modern astronomy.
Who is Johannes Kepler?
This Swiss-French philosopher is best known for his influential work "The Social Contract," discussing the concept of a just government.
Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau?