Ch. 7.9 & 7.10 - Lymphatic System and Immunity - Respiratory System
Cisterna Chyli
Cisterna Chyli: An enlarged, pouch-like structure located at the start of the thoracic duct. It serves as a storage area for purified lymph before the lymph returns to the bloodstream and receives chyle (lymph mixed with fats) from the intestinal lacteals.
Immunity
Immunity: The ability to resist an infection, achieved through the presence of antibodies to that disease in a person's system.
Lacteals
Lacteals: Specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the area of the small intestine that pick up digested fats or lipids.
Lymph
Lymph: A thin, watery fluid composed of intercellular, or interstitial, fluid that forms when plasma diffuses into tissue spaces and enters the lymphatic system. It contains water, nutrients, salts, hormones, oxygen, carbon dioxide, lymphocytes, and metabolic wastes.
Lymph Nodes
Lymph Nodes: Small, round, or oval masses (popularly called "glands") located all over the body that filter the lymph and remove impurities like carbon, cancer cells, pathogens, and dead blood cells. They also produce lymphocytes and antibodies.
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic System: A system consisting of lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphatic tissue that works with the circulatory system to remove wastes and excess fluids from the tissues and provides immunity.
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphatic Vessels: Vessels located throughout the body that pick up lymph (starting with lymphatic capillaries). They have valves to keep the lymph flowing in one direction and pass through the lymph nodes.
Right Lymphatic Duct
Right Lymphatic Duct: The short tube that receives all of the purified lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the right chest, and the right arm. It empties into the right subclavian vein.
Spleen
Spleen: An organ located beneath the left side of the diaphragm. It produces leukocytes and antibodies, destroys old red blood cells, stores red blood cells, destroys platelets, and filters metabolites and wastes.
Thoracic Duct
Thoracic Duct: The much larger lymphatic tube that drains the lymph from the rest of the body (everything not drained by the right lymphatic duct). It empties into the left subclavian vein.
Thymus
Thymus: A mass of lymph tissue located in the center of the upper chest. During early life, it produces antibodies and manufactures lymphocytes; it atrophies (wastes away) after puberty.
Tonsils
Tonsils: Masses of lymphatic tissue (three pairs: palatine, pharyngeal/adenoids, and lingual) that filter interstitial fluid.
Alveoli
Alveoli: Air sacs that resemble a bunch of grapes, found at the end of the terminal bronchioles. They are made of one layer of squamous epithelial tissue with a rich network of capillaries for gas exchange.
Bronchi
Bronchi: The two tubes (right and left) into which the trachea divides near the center of the chest. They carry air from the trachea into the lungs.
Bronchioles
Bronchioles: The smaller branches into which the bronchi continue to divide within the lungs, eventually ending in the alveoli.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration: The process by which the tissue cells use oxygen and nutrients (like glucose) to produce energy, water, and carbon dioxide.
Cilia
Cilia: Tiny, hair-like structures that line the respiratory tract (like the nasal cavities). They filter inhaled air to trap dust and other particles and help move the mucous layer toward the esophagus.
Epiglottis
Epiglottis: A special, leaf-like piece of cartilage that closes the opening into the larynx during swallowing, preventing food and liquids from entering the respiratory tract.
Expiration
ExpirationExpiration (Exhalation): The phase of ventilation where the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs and air passages.
External Respiration
External Respiration: The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs (alveoli) and the bloodstream (pulmonary capillaries).
Inspiration
Inspiration (Inhalation): The process of breathing in air, where the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and enlarge the thoracic cavity.
Internal Respiration
Internal Respiration: The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the tissue cells and the bloodstream (systemic capillaries).
Larynx
Larynx: The "voice box" that lies between the pharynx and trachea. It contains the vocal cords, which vibrate to produce sound when air leaves the lungs.
Lungs
Lungs: The main organs of the respiratory system; the right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two. They contain the divisions of the bronchi and the alveoli.
Nose
Nose: The external structure that contains the nostrils (nares) through which air enters the body.