Progressive Movements
This movement within churches applied Jesus’s teachings to seek labor reforms and better living conditions for the urban poor.
Social Gospel movement
Settlement houses provided community centers, child care, and classes. Name one famous Chicago settlement founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr.
Hull House.
Tenement buildings were low-cost apartments that often created crowded neighborhoods called _____.
Slums
Anti-immigrant bias and efforts to restrict immigration are summarized by this one-word term.
Nativism.
What was one main idea of Section 4 about groups working in cities?
A variety of groups worked to improve social, economic, and political conditions in the cities.
The organized campaign against alcohol that led to calls for banning manufacture and sale was called the ____ movement.
Temperance movement
What practical services did settlement houses often offer that helped immigrant families find work and stay healthy?
Examples: job-finding offices, health clinics, child-care centers, playgrounds, classes (including English or citizenship classes), legal-help offices.
Name the tenement design (adopted in New York in 1879) shaped like a weight to allow windows and light to interior rooms.
Dumbbell tenement.
This 1882 federal law banned a specific immigrant group from entry and showed the political strength of nativists.
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882).
Name two key terms from the unit that relate to efforts to change personal behavior or public morals.
Examples: temperance, prohibition, vice, purity crusaders, social gospel. (Any two related terms.)
Name the organization formed in 1908 that brought together churches supporting improved living conditions and a larger share of national wealth for workers.
Federal Council of the Churches of Christ.
Many middle-class reformers were motivated by religious ideals to help the poor. The reform that emphasized both charity and justice and sought labor reforms is called the ____ ____ movement.
Social Gospel movement
Who used flash photography and reporting in How the Other Half Lives to expose tenement conditions and push for reform?
Jacob Riis
Name one of the three main groups that dominated the late-1800s temperance/prohibition movement (one of them was a women’s group founded in 1874).
Prohibition Party; Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU); Anti‑Saloon League.
How did the settlement movement and the Charity Organization Society differ in approach to helping the poor?
Settlement movement focused on living among and providing services to the poor and addressing social conditions; COS emphasized keeping case histories and sometimes judged recipients’ moral worth before giving aid.
This reform program placed young, educated volunteers in poor neighborhoods to live and provide services, starting with Hull House.
Settlement movement / settlement houses
This New York settlement founded by Lillian Wald focused first on nursing and home health care before expanding services.
Henry Street Settlement
List one public health improvements cities adopted to combat disease from contaminated water.
Examples: building reservoirs or waterworks located away from polluted sources; installing filtration systems; introducing chlorination of drinking water; improving sewage disposal.
The Immigration Restriction League wanted to exclude immigrants it deemed unfit by requiring this kind of test.
Literacy test.
Give one example of how urban growth produced both benefits and problems for city residents.
Example: New transportation (streetcars, trains) allowed suburban growth and easier commuting (benefit) but also led to overcrowded tenements and public-health problems in central city neighborhoods (problem).
The idea of making charity a "scientific enterprise" (keeping case histories to decide whom to help) was promoted by this 1882 organization started by Josephine Shaw Lowell.
New York Charity Organization Society (COS)
Explain one way settlement house workers used their experiences to influence later social policies. (Short answer expected.)
Sample answers:
Describe one reason why political machines became powerful in rapidly growing cities (short answer).
Sample answers:
Explain one connection reformers made between saloons and political machines that helped fuel both prohibitionist and nativist arguments. (Short answer expected.)
Sample answers:
Saloons were seen as centers of vice and corruption that linked immigrants, bosses, and graft; prohibitionists claimed banning saloons would reduce the machines’ power and improve public morals.
Identify and explain one lasting impact of reformers (settlement workers, social gospel followers, photographers like Riis) on American cities.
Sample answer: Reformers exposed poor living conditions and pushed for laws improving tenements, sanitation, and public health; many settlement workers entered public service or social work, influencing later housing, labor, and health policies.