Cellular Respiration
What is the major difference between oxidation and reduction?
Oxidation causes a substance to lose electrons and reduction causes a substance to gain electrons.
Is photosynthesis and exergonic or endergonic process and why?
Endergonic because it requires an input of energy to break down carbohydrates.
What are the four types of local signaling?
1. Cell junctions
2. Cell-cell recognition
3. Paracrine signaling
4. Synaptic signaling
What percent of the cell cycle does interphase take up?
90%
What are the five phases of mitosis?
1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase/Cytokinesis
What type of gradient does chemiosmosis use to make ATP?
H+
Where do light reactions occur and what do they produce as an input for the Calvin Cycle?
Light reactions occur in the thylakoid and produce the compounds NADPH and ATP for the Calvin Cycle.
What are the three major types of membrane receptors?
1. G-protein coupled receptors
2. Receptor tyrosine kinases
3. Ion channel receptors
Name the 3 phases of interphase and their functions.
1. G1: make organelles & provide nutrients for growth
2. S: synthesis/replication of DNA
3. G2: prevents damaged cells from undergoing mitosis
Is fermentation an anaerobic or aerobic process?
Name an organism that uses fermentation.
Anaerobic which means it does not use oxygen.
Yeast
True or False:
Anaerobic respiration occurs in compounds that contain oxygen and ATP.
False
Anaerobic respiration occurs in compounds that do not contain oxygen.
Which photosystem(s) does linear and cyclic electron flow use?
Linear uses both photosystems and cyclic uses only photosystem 1.
What is the role of a ligand in the reception step of a signal transduction pathway?
The ligand allows specific molecules to bind to the specific receptor to begin the signal transduction pathway.
Binary fission
True or False:
Infrared radiation has shorter wavelengths than microwaves.
True
Name the four main steps of cellular respiration.
2. Pyruvate Oxidation
3. Citric Acid Cycle
4. Oxidative Phosphorylation
What are the three phases of the Calvin Cycle?
1. Carbon fixation
2. Reduction
3. Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor
What is the purpose of second messengers?
Give an example of a second messenger.
They activate intercellular responses that allow the signal to be transmitted efficiently and quickly.
cAMP
How do cyclins affect the cell cycle control system?
They activate the cyclin-dependent kinases which regulate the cell cycle control system.
Hormones are an example of what type of signaling?
Long-distance signaling
Electrons carried through, which two molecules, allows oxidative phosphorylation to occur.
Hint: These molecules are outputs of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle.
FADH & NADH
What do crassuslacean acid metabolism plants to with their stomata to fix carbon?
They close their stomata during the day and open it at night.
DNA damage in the nucleus can trigger...
apoptosis
What type of signal are growth factors?
external
What are the four aspects of fine-tuning a response in cell communication?
1. Amplification of signal
2. Specificity of the response
3. Efficiency of response
4. Termination of signal