Important Terms
This term refers to someone who lives a solitary life of prayer and penance.
What is a hermit?
This 13th-century person founded the Order of Friars Minor with an emphasis on Gospel simplicity and poverty, as well as a special concern for the poor and marginalized.
Who is St. Francis of Assisi?
In what year was the First Crusade called, and by whom?
Pope Urban II in 1095.
This person was a founding member of the Jesuits and worked as a missionary in the 16th century in India and Japan, among other places.
Who is St. Francis Xavier?
This term refers to someone who dies as a witness to their fidelity to Christ.
What is a martyr?
This person founded the "Order of Preachers" in the 13th century to fight the Albigensian heresy. It has produced some great intellectuals.
Who is St. Dominic de Guzman?
This person was the greatest philosopher and theologian of the High Middle Ages, known for integrating the philosophy of Aristotle with Divine Revelation.
Who is St. Thomas Aquinas?
This bishop is converted Ireland between 430 - 493.
Who is St. Patrick?
This term refers to when a secular ruler such as a king acts as a high-ranking member of the Church - for example, calling Church councils.
What is caesaropapism?
Who is St. Clare of Assisi?
What event marks the official toleration of Christianity by the Roman Empire, and when did this occur?
What is the Edict of Milan, AD 313?
These were originally meant to be an organized military defense of the Christians in the Holy Land and the Byzantine Empire, which, it was hoped, would help heal the Great Schism.
What are the Crusades?
In what year did Luther post his 95 Theses, and in what year did the first session of the Council of Trent convene?
1517; 1545
This person was sent by the Pope to evangelize England in 596.
Who is St. Augustine of Canterbury?
This heresy taught that Jesus is a creature, and thus not divine by nature/fully God.
What is Arianism?
This 16th-century person founded the Society of Jesus, with its fourth vow of obedience to the Pope, to be soldiers for Christ.
Who is St. Ignatius of Loyola?
The early Christian writers who knew the apostles themselves, such as Sts. Clement of Rome and Ignatius of Antioch, are called this.
What are the Apostolic Fathers?
In what year did the Great Schism occur?
What is AD 1054?
This is the name of Pope Gregory VII's document which asserted the Pope’s power to convene and ratify a council, define tenets of the faith, appoint, transfer and remove bishops from office, and to depose temporal rulers and reverse their decisions.
What is the Dictatus papae?
These Jesuits missionaries were martyred in North America between 1642 - 1649 while evangelizing the Native Americans.
Who are Sts. John de Brebeuf and Isaac Jogues?
This term refers to the practice of secular rulers appointing and granting authority to a bishop or monastic abbot.
What is lay investiture?
Who is St. Benedict of Nursia?
In what year did Emperor Nero outlaw Christianity and begin persecuting the Church?
What is AD 64?
Name at least two of Martin Luther's major teachings.
---Sola Sciptura
---Sola Fide
---Sola Gratia
---Solo Christo
This Jesuit missionary used his skills as a scientist to establish the Church in China between 1583 - 1610.
Who is Matteo Ricci?
This refers to a special income attached to a particular Church office, which historically led to abuses within the Church.
What is a benefice?
This 16th-century mystic formed the Order of Discalced Carmelites, a contemplative order which focuses on mental prayer.
Who is St. Teresa of Avila?
These early Christian writers, like St. Justin Martyr and Tertullian, explained and defended the Faith to those outside of the Church - including Roman emperors.
Who were the "apologists"?
John Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli taught this about the sacraments.
There are no sacraments; Baptism and the Eucharist are important, but they're merely symbolic.
This English Benedictine monk worked to evangelize the Germans between 716 - 754.
Who is St. Boniface?
This term refers to the large rooms in monasteries where books and manuscripts were stored and copied, which preserved ancient literature during the middle ages.
What are scriptoria?
This person left the world behind to live a solitary life of prayer and penance in the desert in the 3rd century. Others followed him, but he never formed them into a monastic community.
Who is St. Anthony of Egypt?
Name at least two important functions that the monasteries carried out in Europe after the Fall of Rome.
---They were centers of evangelization, and much of Europe was converted by monks
---They preserved ancient texts and learning, and they were the primary centers of education
---They taught people the basics of farming and agrarian life as society became more rural
Name at least one negative result of the Crusades.
---Many deaths - including the Children's Crusade
---The sacking of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, which weakened the Byzantine Empire and damaged hopes of healing the Great Schism.
This law was passed by Parliament in England and stated that the King of England is the Head of the Church of England, not the Pope.
What is the Act of Supremacy?
This Latin word means "and the Son" and was originally added to the Nicene Creed by Spanish bishops to reinforce Christ's divinity. It became a point of contention between East and West.
What is Filioque?
These early Christian writers left the world behind to live lives of prayer and penance in the Egyptian wilderness.
Who are the Desert Fathers?
This was the 1st ecumenical council, which was called by Emperor Constantine in 325 to settle the issue of the Arian heresy and produced the first version of the Nicene Creed.
What is the First Council of Nicea?
Pope Gregory VII worked to resolve this controversy through the Dictatus Papae and by excommunicating Emperor Henry IV in the 11th century.
What was the lay investiture controversy?
What did Martin Luther teach about the sacraments?
Explain the meanings of simony and nepotism.
Simony - the buying and selling of Church offices
Nepotism - Appointing family members to Church offices
This person is the "second founder" of the Cistercians, an 11th-century reformed Cluniac order which wears white habits and focuses on austerity, simplicity, and farming.
Who is St. Bernard of Clairvaux?
This was the 2nd ecumenical council, which was called by Emperor Theodosius in 381 because the first ecumenical council failed to resolve all the issues relating to Arianism and produced the version of the Nicene Creed that we now recite at Mass.
What is the First Council of Constantinople?
How did the Council of Trent respond to Martin Luther's regarding the role of faith and works in our salvation?
We are initially justified through the gift of faith, but once we have faith good works are necessary and really do contribute to our salvation.
This person became the Archbishop of Milan after Trent, and his efforts to implement the Tridentine reforms were recorded in Acts of the Church in Milan.
Who is St. Charles Borromeo?
In the Nicene Creed, this term refers to the fact that Jesus is of the same nature - i.e., the same divinity - as God the Father.
What is "consubstantial"?
In the 4th century, this person formed the first community of monks and thus founded monasticism as we know it.
Name at least three key characteristics of monastic life.
---Living according to a fixed rule that governs every aspect of community life
---Withdrawal and seclusion from the world
---Both individual and communal prayer
---Self-denial and penance, including fasting and other penitential practices
---Vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience (the evangelical counsels)
The Council of Trent said this in response to Martin Luther's teaching regarding Sacred Scripture and Sacred Tradition.
The Bible and Sacred Tradition (Church councils and documents written by the popes) are both authoritative sources for Christian doctrine.
This person worked to implement the reforms decreed by Trent and organized the fleet that defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Lepanto in the 16th century.
Who is Pope St. Pius V?
Something is __________ when it is a different type of thing (i.e., has a different nature) than the thing it came from.
What is created/made?
Summarize the role of the martyrs in the early Church and the overall effect that the persecutions had on the Church's growth.
Their courage inspired those who witnessed their deaths, both Christians and pagans, and the Church grew exponentially during the persecutions.
How did Charlemagne's relationship to the Church set the stage for Church-State relations in the middle ages?
It made the Church and the State mutually dependent: the Church needed the State for stability and military protection, and secular rulers needed the Pope's recognition to have legitimacy. This set the stage for power struggles to occur.
These laws, enacted by Henry VIII, preserved the Catholic teachings of transubstantiation, the Sacrament of Penance, and priestly celibacy, among others, even after he split with the Catholic Church.
What are the "Six Articles"?
Something is __________ when it is the same type of thing (i.e., has the same nature) as the thing it came from.
What is begotten?
Explain how the Church is the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham to make of him a "great nation."
Through faith and Baptism Christians become adopted sons and daughters of God the Father and brothers and sisters of Jesus. Since Jesus is descended from Abraham, Christians are also descendants of Abraham through this adoption. Thus, the Church is the fulfillment of God’s promise to make of Abraham a “great nation.”
Name at least two factors that contributed to or led to the Great Schism.
---The Popes' resistance to the Byzantine Emperor's interference in Church affairs
---Tension resulting from the filioque controversy and the Photian Schism
---The East's rejection of the Pope's universal authority over the whole Church
Name at least three things that the Council of Trent addressed, other than Sola Scriptura, Sola Fide, and Sola Gratia.
---Each of the seven sacraments
---The proper understanding of Indulgences
---Reform of the clergy and the creation of seminaries
---The making of a new catechism, which became the Roman Catechism