Population & Emigration
100$
What two main factors made mass emigration from Europe to America possible?
A booming North American economy and cheap shipping fares.
$100
What major law helped bring running water to British cities?
The Public Health Act of 1875.
$100
Who founded the British garden city movement?
Ebenezer Howard.
$100
What percentage of the population were the elites, and how much of the wealth did they control?
5% of the population, controlling 30–40% of the wealth.
$200
How many total emigrants left Europe during this period?
60 million.
$200
What did the Public Health Act require for all new buildings?
Running water and an internal drainage system.
$200
What was the name of the first garden city ever built?
Letchworth Garden City.
$200
What were some examples of white-collar worker jobs during this period?
Telephone operators, bank tellers, department store salesclerks, secretaries, and bookkeepers.
$300
What contributed most to the decline of infant mortality in Europe?
Better nutrition, food hygiene, and the pasteurization of milk.
$300
Who were three urban reformers who pointed to filthy living conditions as a primary cause of disease?
Solomon Neumann, Edwin Chadwick, and Rudolph Virchow.
$300
Who constructed modern housing for more than 3,000 people by rehabilitating old dwellings?
Octavia Hill.
$300
What percentage of the European population made up the lower class, and who were they mostly?
About 80%, mostly landholding peasants, agricultural laborers, and sharecroppers.
$400
How much did the European population grow between 1850 and 1910, and what drove that growth?
From 270 million to over 460 million, driven by rising birth rates, falling death rates, and medical discoveries.
$400
Even after new public health laws passed, what health problems still persisted in cities?
Tuberculosis and influenza from overcrowding, breathing problems from air pollution, and factory injuries.
$400
What was the most famous city reconstruction project that served as a model for other cities?
The reconstruction of Paris.
$400
What ratio of employed persons in Great Britain were domestic servants, and who held most of those jobs?
One out of every seven, and most were women.
$500
What role did growing agriculture and industrialization play in European population change during this period?
They supported population increases, mainly by fueling the growth of bigger cities.
$500
What percentage of Britain's population were urban dwellers, and how did that compare to France, Germany, and Eastern Europe?
40% in Britain, 25% in France and Germany, and 10% in Eastern Europe.
$500
What happened to old defensive city walls as urban populations expanded, and why?
They were torn down and turned into parks and boulevards to make room for expanding city populations.
$500
What percentage of a country's millionaires were landed aristocracy, and what roles did the educated elite assume?
73% of millionaires were landed aristocracy; the educated elite assumed leadership in government bureaucracy and military hierarchy.