The Reformers
Who was the German monk who challenged Church practices in his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517?
Martin Luther
Which English king broke with the Catholic Church after the pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon?
Henry VIII
What technology helped spread Reformation ideas quickly throughout Europe?
Printing Press
What council met from 1545 to 1563 to address Church reform and clarify Catholic doctrine?
Council of Trent
What was one effect of the printing press?
Access to books increased -> increase in literacy rate
Heresies spread faster!
Who was the French reformer who emphasized predestination and helped establish Reformed theology in Geneva?
John Calvin
What is the official name of the church established under Henry VIII after England broke with Rome?
Church of England (AKA Anglican Church)
What document did Martin Luther publish in 1517 criticizing indulgences?
95 Theses
Which Spanish mystic and Carmelite nun worked to reform convent life and wrote influential spiritual works?
St. Teresa of Avila
What was the name for the sale of pardons that Luther strongly criticized?
Indulgences
Who was the Scottish reformer who helped establish Presbyterianism in Scotland?
John Knox
Which English king had St. Thomas More executed for refusing to recognize him as head of the Church?
Henry VIII
What term describes Calvin's belief that God has already determined who will be saved?
Predestination
Who founded the Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuits, to support Catholic renewal?
St. Ignatius of Loyola
The movement that began in the north of England to restore the Church to its former position was called the
Pilgrimage of Grace
Who was the English humanist and former Lord Chancellor who opposed Henry VIII's break with Rome and was executed in 1535?
St. Thomas More
What was Henry VIII's primary motivation for breaking with the Catholic Church?
His desire to annul his marriage + secure a male heir!
What Latin phrase means 'by Scripture alone' and describes a major Protestant principle?
Sola Scriptura
What religious order founded by St. Ignatius became known for education and missionary work?
Society of Jesus (AKA Jesuits)
What major religious conflict in France involved Catholics and French Protestants known as Huguenots?
French Wars of Religion
Which Augustinian monk's teachings emphasized salvation through faith and the authority of Scripture?
Martin Luther
What 1534 law declared the English monarch the supreme head of the Church of England?
Act of Supremacy
What is the Protestant belief that salvation comes through faith rather than good works?
Justification by faith
What Catholic response to Protestantism sought to correct abuses while reaffirming Catholic teachings?
Catholic Reformation or Counter-Reformation
What 1555 agreement allowed rulers in the Holy Roman Empire to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism for their territories?
Peace of Augsburg