The 1960s
define urban agglomeration
A locality comprising of a city and its suburbs
who led which party from 1970-76?
Robert Bourassa, liberals
what did Bourassa introduce in 1974 to enable Quebecers the chance to get minor medical services like check ups, social services, and vaccines?
CLSCs
define indigenous self-determination
the right to select your own form of government to best suit your needs
Name 1 issue that plagued women during the 60s
lack of abortion
pay disparities
no daycare
no maternal leave
what expanded the consumer society?
American influence for materialism,
more affordable and diverse goods
advertising
more leisure time and higher wages
what was the biggest project of the 70s?
The james Bay development for hydro
what did the Quebec charter of Human rights and freedoms of 1975 do?
Recognized all individuals as equal citizens
true or false: ALL first nations including the Inuit had identical governing policies
False, they differed certain areas like the Inuit council being composed of a Mayor and councilors vs a chief and councilors
what did women achieve in 1969?
Abortions (limited, but allowed under certain circumstances)
what replaced the falling birth rate?
High immigration which now included more diverse, non-white countries such as India, West Indies, and Pakistan
what caused the economy to fall?
Oil crises 1973 (later 1979)
what did bill 22 in 1974 do?
Limited access to English schools to those who could pass a test
made French the official language of Quebec
what did the white paper of 1969 attempt to do?
Denounce indigeous status and assimilate them as Canadian citizens
how did women advocate for themselves?
Newspapers, journals, university research, cultural productions, music, films, protests
what helped the economy boom?
Public investment from the government into infrastructure, schools, and civil services which created more educated populations and more jobs.
Automation of industries led to higher production making products widely available at more affordable prices (bad for mom and pops)
Housing construction further aided in this as people were able to settle in larger numbers
what did unions fight for and what happened?
The common front was formed from a coalition of the largest unions. the government ordered people back to work which the common front stood against leading to the arrest of their leaders
what is an amending formula and why did Trudeau want one?
It allows a country to amend (change) their own constitution. Prior to 1982, Canada was still technically under British authority meaning that only Britain could make changes and Canada would need their support and approval. Trudeau wanted more autonomy
why was it difficult to negotiate with indigenous groups?
The indigenous people are composed of many different tribes all of which have different values, demands, and beliefs. this makes negotiations difficult as not everyone can be pleased
define feminism
recognition of women's rights and gender equality
Describe 2 factors behind the urban sprawl
1. american influence encouraged canadians to pursue life in the suburbs, viewing it as a symbol of success
2.new infrastructure like highways and roads made it easier to expand outward and move away from work (less travel time makes it viable)
3. factories moved towards the suburbs, making it easier to find work
4. suburbs were attractive and cheaper for the middle class (quiet, bigger yards, nature, etc.)
describe the october crises
FLQ employed terrorist actions including bombing anglophone locations and kidnapped James Cross and Pierre Laporte. They demanded Quebec sovereignty and killed Laporte.
The government implemented the war measures act which enabled them to send in the army to contain the situation. they made many false arrests and eventually negotiated with FLQ members to release Cross, which they did, before fleeing to Cuba and the FLQ were disbanded
why was Trudeau unable to patriate the constitution?
Quebec disagreed as they believed it would make them less autonomous
Describe the outcome of the James Bay negotiations
pay indigenous people for damages (225 mill)
creation of Indigenous school boards
protection of land, rights, and culture
more self-governance
agreement to negotiate with them before building
Were all feminist movements united?
No, there were many different feminist movements throughout the 60s and 70s each with their own unique goals.
For example, racial segregation was still emphasized as many Haitian and Indigenous feminist groups felt as though Quebec feminist groups ignored their pleas for equality of races and recognition of their cultures.