Show:
Diets, Nutrition & Health
Medical Practitioners & Experiments
Religious Issues
Leisure & Recreation
100

Which class(es) in society had the healthiest diet? Why?

The rural poor because of the variety of vegetables and nutrients in whole grain bread

100

Which medical practitioner made the most medical progress in the 18th century? How?

Surgeons made the most progress because of the study of anatomy and practice in battlefields

100

What are the 3 aspects of (Protestant) piety?

  • 1) warm, emotional religion that everyone can experience

  • 2) Stressed priesthood of all believers

  • 3) Practical power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs where people of all social classes expected to live good, moral lives

100

How large of an impact did the increase in literacy have on the lower classes?

Not very significant impact on popular culture which remained largely oral (people gathered in taverns, other’s cottages, around fireplaces, etc.)

200

Compare the general standard of living of the poor and middle/high class?

Poor standard of living declined as the population grew

High and middle class had better standards comfort and convenience due to colonial trade and better houses (with inner barriers)

200

What were opportunities like for women in the medical field in the 18th century?

  • Denied admission to college - couldn’t become surgeon or physician
  • Mostly became midwives
  • Undermined by men’s monopoly over medical instruments
200

To what extent did the Catholics succeed in purifying the church?

  • Varied by country/region
  • Compromised theological purity for peoples’ piety
  • Some authority pursued purification vigorously (Joseph II of Austria)
200

What are bloodsports (examples)? How were they received by educated classes?

  • Blood sports involved killing animals for sport
  • Bull baiting - bull chained in a courtyard and attacked by dogs
  • Cockfighting - combat between two roosters where spectators could bet on the outcome
  • educated/”enlightened” people very critical (only saw superstition, sin, disorder, and vulgarity)
  • Led to greater gap between educated and common people 
300

How colonial trade impact people’s diet and society? 

  • Rural poor gained variety of new vegetables from America
  • Gained the potato, an important dietary supplement that led to better health
  • More goods at cheaper value - the rise of consumer culture
  • Cheaper, more diverse clothing because of cheaper material
300

Who was Madame du Coudray and how did she impact the rest of the midwives?

  • Madame du Coudray - “nation’s midwife” Parisian (French)
  • French government authorized her to continue instruction with financial support
  • Invented the first obstetrical model that classes/students could practice on
  • Taught better methods of childbirth to midwives
300

What caused the religious revivals of the 18th century?

  • response to secular Enlightenment ideas
  • Tensions from outside (German princes/catholic rulers) regulation of churches 
  • Continuation of reforms by Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation
300

True or False: Because of Catholic piety, popular festivals lost some of their traditions elements for more religious themes and were very organized but restrictive. (Explain)  

  • FALSE!!!
  • Carnival involved s wild release of drinking and dancing, as well as rowdy spectacles, masquerading (general chaos)
  • Celebrations were a combination of religion and pagan/traditional elements
  • The success of Catholic reforms varied from different countries/regions
400

What caused the population explosion in the 18th century? 

  • The agricultural revolution caused a more stable food supply
  • More canals and roads allowed more food to be distributed
  • No bubonic plague because of better public health
  • Midwives contributed to decline of infant mortality 
400

Describe the conquest of smallpox? Who was involved? What did they do? How successful were they?

  • Smallpox was one of the worst infectious diseases
  • Mary Wortley Montagu - first smallpox inoculation on son
  • inoculation could fail and cause death or spread disease
  • Edward Jenner - first vaccination by studying protection against smallpox by cowpox
  • higher success rate than inoculations
  • Laid foundations for the science of immunology
  • Treatment spread and smallpox declined until disappeared (1980)
400

  • What was the relationship between the church and state like for Protestant and Catholic churches in the 18th century?

  • Church and state combined
  • German princes took control of territorial churches
  • Catholic rulers regulated ecclesiastical appointments and a decreased influence of the papacy
  • Spanish rulers took control of Spanish Inquisition to work toward a “national” church