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Topic 2 - The Fertile Crescent
Topic 2 - The Fertile Crescent
The growth of cities, also known as urban areas...
urbanization
Religious officials who perform rituals to get gain the favor of the gods...
priest
Mathematics that describe shapes, sufaces, and areas developed by the Sumerians...
geometry
A set of letters that represents sounds, the Phoenicians created one that was adapted by other languages
alphabet
Systems that use ditches, pipes, or channels that transport water to where humans need it to farm.
irrigation
A system for organizing and controlling a population...
government
A society's system of assigning rank or status...
social class
King of the Ammorites who created an empire in Mesopotamia beginning around 1792 B.C.E. with the capital at Babylon, launched a system of laws and building projects...
King Hammurabi
King of the Amorites, created an empire in Mesopotamia, created a strict legal code and posted it publicly throughout the empire...
Hammurabi's law code
A place where people build homes and live for extended periods...
settlement
A set of beliefs, ceremonies, and rules regarding relations among gods, nature, and humans...
religion
The writing system developed by the Sumerians using wedge-shaped marks pressed into clay...
cuneiform
Conquered Assyria and created a second Babylonian Empire with his father Nabopolassar...
Nebuchadnezzar
A payment by one ruler of nation to another as a form of submission...
tribute
A more complex society that has cities, governments, religious institutions, specialization of labor, a social class structure, advanced technology, writing, and art...
civilization
A societies system of assigning rank or status to people and their roles in society...
social class
A long poem that tells the deeds of the cultural hero...
epic
Conquered Phonecia in 330 B.C.E., resulting in the freeing of the Phoenician colony of Carthage
Alexander the Great
An agreement to cooperate between two kingdoms or city-states...
alliance
Workers who focus on one type of work or job...
specialization
A specialized, skilled craftsperson...
artisan
Something that is bought and sold...
commodity
An amount of more than what is needed...
surplus
The Phoenicians built their boats from this type of wood...
cedar
This river flows southeast through present-day Iraq to the Persian Gulf in the Fertile Crescent and Mesopotamia...
Tigris River
This river flows southeast through present-day Syria and Iraq in the Fertile Crescent and Mesopotamia joins with the Tigris River to empty into the Persian Gulf...
Euphrates River
This sea is surrounded by southern Europe, western Asia, and North Africa...
Mediterranean Sea
An arch-shaped area of fertile soil in Southwest Asia north of the Arabian Desert encompassing the Jordan, Tigris, and Euphrates Rivers...
Fertile Crescent
The area of the Tigris and Euphrates floodplain in western Asia where Sumerian civilization developed around 3,000 B.C.E....
Mesopotamia
A trading culture established around 2,500 B.C.E. on the eastern Mediterranean coast occupied by Syria and Lebanon today
Phoenicia
A city with a soverign government, in Sumeria they began to develop around 2,500 B.C.E.
city-state
A colony of Phonecia on the Mediterranean Coast of North Africa near present-day Tunis...
Carthage
A sovereign state composed of multiple conquered states...
empire
A sovereign state ruled by a king or queen
kingdom
An administrative district or region of a kingdom or empire...
province
An area controlled by a state, occupied by people of that state, but distant from that state...
colony
The desert that occupies a large portion of the Arabian Peninsula...
Arabian Desert
Things that can be used to produce other things that people need...
resources
The usual weather conditions of a place...
climate
A __________ was a pyramid-shaped structure with a temple at the top to honor the city-state’s chief god.
ziggurat
Mesopotamian farmers used irrigation and dams to produce a food __________, or additional crops for later use.
surplus
Sargon ruled Akkad and conquered Sumerian city-states to form the world’s first __________.
empire
Akkadian rulers forced people to make payments called __________ to the ruler to show submission.
tribute
Sumerians had a belief system known as __________ in which they worshipped multiple gods.
polytheism
What geographic feature of Mesopotamia promoted the growth of civilization?
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers - brought water and fertile soil for farming
How did Sargon build the first empire in Mesopotamia?
conquered Sumer’s weakened city-states
What important contribution did the Phoenicians make to later civilizations?
developing the alphabet
Which is the correct order of developments in Mesopotamian civilizations, starting with the earliest?
food surplus
specialization
irrigation
irrigation, food surplus, specialization
Which is the correct chronological order of Fertile Crescent empires?
Assyrian
Neo-Babylonian
Akkadian
Phoenician
Akkadian, Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Phoenician
Which of these are characteristics of early Mesopotamian city-states?
Each city-state had its own government, they built walls around their cities for protection and they often fought each other over land and resources
Which statements are true of women in Mesopotamian society?
A few owned their own businesses, they had fewer rights than men and their main job was to run the home
Which groups of people would fit into the “Upper Class” level of the Sumerian Social Pyramid?
kings and priests, government workers
What was the Phoenician economy based on?
trading goods and settling colonies
Artifacts from Mesopotamia show what?
workers were skilled in many different trades and artisans created works of art showing great skill