The First Civilizations
The belief in one God, rather than many
monotheism
"the rule of the few"
oligarchy
an extended family unit that has combined into a larger community
lineage groups
political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages
feudalism
an elite member of society who is part of the ruling noble classes
aristocrat
What was the claim by Chinese kings that they had direct authority from heaven to rule
Mandate of Heaven
Who were the three philosophers that were devoted to thinking critically and rationally about the nature of the universe and forms of government?
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
an upper class whose wealth is based on land and whose power is passed on from one generation to another
landed aristocrats
a document that gave more rights to nobles and formally recognized mutual rights and obligation between kings and vassals.
the Magna Carta
a government determined solely by the ruler
absolute monarchy
The first civilizations formed where?
In Mesopotamia and Egypt
Which two subjects did the classical and Hellenistic eras produce significant achievements in?
literature and science
a Muslim state who military and political power is held by a ruler
sultanate
16th-century religious, political, intellectual, and cultural upheaval
Protestant Reformation
the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to support life
subsistence
Which two major religions began in India?
Hinduism and Buddhism
Christianity prospered through who's acceptance and establishment of the Catholic Church?
Constantine
Islamic achievements in _________, _________, and the _________ contributed to world's knowledge and brought major changes to Southwest Asian culture.
philosophy, science, and the arts
the movement in Europe beginning in the 14th century in Italy, lasting into the 17th century, and marked by a revival of classical influence expressed in a flowering of the arts and literature and by the beginnings of modern science
Renaissance
a servile feudal class bound to the land and subject to the will of its owner
serfdom
Which was the last great civilization to emerge in China?
The Shang dynasty
How were Romans and Christians ethics different when it came to reason?
Christians believed in the ability to reason came from God, while Roman ethics saw reason as a separate realm from faith.
For 700 years Chinese civilizations flourished until they were overthrown by the _______ in 1279.
Mongols
In 800 C.E. who was crowned king by Pope Leo?
Charlemagne or Charles Augustus
the belief that the kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God
"divine right of kings"