Development of Forensic Science
This is the definition of forensic science.
What is the application of science to the laws enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system?
This is the world's largest forensic laboratory, organized in 1932 under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover.
What is the FBI Laboratory in Quantico, VA?
This is the unit that applies principles and techniques from various scientific disciplines to the identification and comparison of crime scene evidence.
What is the physical science unit?
This is an individual whom the court determines to have a particular skill or knowledge that is not expected of the average person and will aid the court in determining the truth of a matter at trial.
What is an expert witness?
This person was assigned the responsibility of acting as a "gatekeeper" in judging the admissibility of scientific evidence in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals.
Who is the trial judge?
He is the "father of forensic toxicology" who published the first scientific treatise on poisons and their effects in 1814.
Who is Mathieu Orfila?
These are the four government agencies that offer forensic services at the federal level.
What are the FBI, DEA, ATF, and the U.S. Postal Inspection Service?
This unit dispatches specially trained personnel to the crime scene to collect and preserve evidence.
What is the crime-scene investigation unit?
This is the difference between the testimonies of lay and expert witnesses.
What is that lay witness testimonies must be factual, while expert witness testimonies offer opinions based on scientific analysis?
This document offers a more flexible standard for admitting scientific evidence than the Frye standard.
What is the Federal Rules of Evidence?
This was the first system of personal identification that distinguished between individuals based on body measurements and was developed by Alphonse Bertillon.
What is anthropometry?
These are the benefits of having regional labs operate as part of a statewide system.
What is...
- Increased access for local agencies to crime labs
- Minimized duplication of services
- Ensures inter-laboratory cooperation
This unit is staffed by professionals who perform DNA profiling on and compare biological samples like blood, hair, or bodily fluids.
What is the biology unit?
These are the three main functions of a forensic scientist.
What are...
- to analyze physical evidence
- to provide expert testimony
- to train others on evidence recognition and collection
This is the standard for admitting scientific evidence laid out in the case of Frye v. United States.
What is...
in order to be admitted as evidence, the questioned procedure, technique, or principles must be "generally accepted" by a meaningful portion of the relevant scientific community.
This is Locard's exchange principle.
What is the fact that when two objects come into contact with each other, a cross transfer of materials occurs?
These are responsible for essentially eliminating confessions as a routine investigative tool since the 1960s.
What are Supreme Court decisions that required police to advise criminal suspects of their rights to remain silence and immediately access a lawyer?
This unit examines bodily fluids for the presence or absence of drugs and poisons.
What is the toxicology unit
This is why it is important for all police officers working in the field to be trained on evidence recognition, collection, and preservation.
What is the fact that a CSI unit may not always be available?
This is was the court's decision on admitting the scientific evidence brought up in the State v. Jascalevich trial.
What is...
The court admitted the evidence and left the jury to determine its significance.
He developed the first DNA profiling test in 1984.
Who is Sir Alec Jeffreys?
This is why the demand for drug-testing capabilities has increased so much since the 1960s.
What is...
- Increased rate of drug-related crimes
- Requirement that all drug seizures be sent to a lab for confirmatory chemical analysis
This is the unit that would examine and compare marks left by tools.
What is the firearms unit?
This is why physical evidence is preferred over confessions and eyewitness accounts for assistance in solving a crime.
What is the fact that physical evidence is the only one of these methods that is free from inherent error/bias?
This is what the case of Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael contributed to the standards for admitting evidence into court.
What is that the judge's gatekeeping role extends to all expert testimony, not just scientific testimony.