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An Overview of Statistics
Data Classification
Design of a Statistical Study/ Data Collection
Experimental Design
Sampling Techniques
100
The collection of all outcomes, responses, measurements, or counts that are of interest.
What is a POPULATION
100

Data that consists of attributes, labels, or nonnumerical entries.

What is QUALITATIVE (CATEGORICAL) DATA

100

The two types of data collection discussed in our text.

Observational Experiment

100

This occurs when an experimenter cannot tell the difference between the effects of different factors on the variable.

What is CONFOUNDING VARIABLE

100
The count or measure of an entire population.
What is CENSUS
200
A numerical description of a sample characteristics.
What is a STATISTIC
200
The four levels of measurement.
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio
200
The most appropriate method of data collection: A study of how fourth graders solve a puzzle.
What is OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
200

When both the subject and the researcher do not know who has received the treatment and who has received the placebo.

What is DOUBLE-BLIND

200

Name 1 ways to conduct a Simple Random Sample.

Random Number Generator Pick Names from a hat Random Number Table

300
The branch of statistics that involves using a sample to draw conclusions about a population.
What is INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
300

The amount of money you have in a savings account could be zero dollars. In this case, the zero represents no money.

What is NATURAL ZERO

300
A key element of this method of data collection is that a treatment is applied to part of a population and responses are observed.
What is EXPERIMENT
300

Errors that are the result of human error (wrong data entries, computing entries, questions with biased wording, etc.)

What is NONSAMPLING ERROR

300

The easiest, cheapest and fastest way to sample that leads to the most biased and least representative data. This sample consists of only available members of the population.

What is CONVENIENCE SAMPLE

400
Identify the population and the sample: A survey of 1906 household in the United States found that 13% have a high definition of television.
Population: All U.S. households Sample: 1906 U.S. households surveyed.
400

Types of music played by a radio station is considered what level of measurement.

What is NOMINAL

400

The three types of observational studies.

What is RETROSPECTIVE, CROSS-SECTIONAL and PROSPECTIVE?

400

The repetition of an experiment on more than one subject.

What is REPLICATION

400

The Randomized Block Design is similar to this sampling technique. Breaking the population into groups that share a characteristic and then sample from those groups.

What is STRATIFIED SAMPLE

500
Parameter or Statistic: As of January 2007, 44% of the governors of the 50 states in the United States are Republicans
Parameter
500

The difference between Interval and Ratio levels of measurement.

Interval level of measurement:  A zero represents a position on a scale. Data may be negative.

Ratio level of measurement: the zero entry is an natural zero, one data value can be meaningfully expressed as a multiple of another. Data may not be negative.

500

Identify the type of observational study (retrospective, cross-sectional, prospective):

A group of 100 people with AIDS are asked about their lifestyle choices when they were younger.

What is RETROSPECTIVE STUDY?

500

Subjects are paired up according to a similarity. One subject in the pair is randomly selected to receive one treatment while the other subject receives a different treatment. Could also use this method if twins are your samples.

What is MATCHED-PAIRS DESIGN

500

Compare and contrast: Cluster Samples vs. Stratified Samples

Cluster Samples: divide the population into groups and select all the members in one or more (but not all) of the clusters. Stratified Samples: the population is divided into two or more subsets that share similar characteristics, a sample is then randomly selected from each strata.