a
a group of immunocompetent cells that mediate cellular immune response by engulfing, processing, and presenting antigens to the T-cell receptor; traditional antigen-presenting cells include macrophages, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, and B lymphocytes
What is antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
threadlike structures that provide motility for certain bacteria, protozoa, and spermatozoa
What is flagella?
a transmission mechanism in the which the infectious agent is spread as an aerosol and usually enters a person through the respiratory tract
What is airborne transmission?
productive of disease
What is pathogenic?
organisms in which the cell nucleus is surrounded by a membrane
What is eukaryotes?
type of cell division of somatic cells in which each daughter cell contains the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
What is mitosis?
a poisonous substance produced by certain bacteria
What is exotoxins?
threadlike projections from the free surface of certain epithelial cells used to propel or sweep materials across a surface
What is cilia?
the relative power and degree of pathogenicity possessed by organisms
What is virulence?
carries of disease
What is vectors?
the mode of transmission of infectious pathogens from a source that is common to all the cases of a specific disease, by means of a vehicle such as water, food, air, or the blood supply
What is common vehicle transmission?
granular white blood cells responsible for much of the body's protection against infection; they play a primary role in inflammation and are readily attracted to foreign antigens, destroying them by phagocytosis
What is neutrophils?
A vector that simply conveys pathogens to a susceptible individual and is not essential to the development of the organism
What is mechanical vector?
compartments made when cells ingest extracellular material and its contents by invaginating the cell membrane and pinching off
What is pinocytic vesticles?
a monocyte that has left the circulation and settled and matured in a tissue such as the spleen, lymph nodes, alveoli, and tonsils
What is macrophage?
a substance or microorganism introduced by inoculation
What is inoculum?
a type of lymphocyte, developed in bone marrow, that circulates in the blood and lymph and, upon encountering a particular foreign antigen, differentiates into a clone of plasma cells that secrete a specific antibody and a clone of memory cells that make the antibody on subsequent encounters
What is B-cells?
cells produced by fungi for reproduction; a resistant cell produced by bacteria to withstand extreme heat or cold or dehydration
What is spores?
a type of white blood cell that matures in the thymus, contains a T-cell receptor, and plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity
What is T-cells?
organelle that consists of a network of channels that transport materials within the cell
What is endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
immunity associated with circulating antibodies
What is humoral immune response?
linings of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which are involved in absorption and secretion
What is mucous membranes?
the system of fixed macrophages and circulating monocytes that serve as phagocytes, engulfing foreign substances in a wide variety of immune responses
What is mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)?
immune mechanisms that "learn" to deal with specific invaders
What is adaptive immune response?
transmitting a pathogenic microorganism from an infected individual to another individual by an arthropod or other agent, sometimes with other animals serving as intermediary hosts
What is vector bone?