Particle Theory and Bonding
What does the atomic number give an element?
Characteristics. The specific # of p+ determine the element.
How does precipitation and evaporation affect salinity?
Evaporations- increases
What are the 3 methods to measure pH?
Litmus, universal, pH probe.
What is the oxygen minimum layer?
No OR little O2
What structure does ice form?
lattice
How do hydrogen bonds contribute to water's special properties.
Specific heat capacity/moderates heat, expansion upon freezing.
What is a halocine?
Rapid change in salinity
Atmospheric gases are in ________ with the gases in ocean water.
Equilibrium
What is the pycnocline?
Rapid change in density
What is the oxygen minimum layer?
500m
8p+8n in nucleus, 8e in shells (2 in inner and 6 in outer).
What is pH? What is the pH of the ocean?
Potential of hydrogen
8.1-8.2
Why does CO2 have greater solubility than O2?
Forms carbonic acid
Why is the tropical sea so salty?
High evaporation
What is a pH above or below 7 called?
Alkaline/basic and acidic
Compare covalent and ionic bonds in regard to electrons, elements involved, and energy.
Covalent- share e-, non-metals, require a lot of energy.
Ionic- gains/loses e-, metal/nonmetal, creates ions.
How does water dissolve NaCl?
Breaks hydrogen bonds and is surrounded by ions.
How do temperature and pressure affect gas solubility?
Cold water dissolves more gas than warm water.
Increased pressure means increased solubility.
What types of adaptations does the vampire squid have?
decrease activity, altered hemoglobin
What is solute v solvent?
What is dissolved vs what does the dissolving.
Temperature-Energy-Movement-Bonds
How are the layers of the ocean mixed?
Density-driven, winds create turbulence/currents.
How does salinity affect gas solubility?
Less salinity=more dissolution
Why doesn't the water at the bottom of the ocean freeze?
Salinity
How do the layers mix?
strong winds, wave actions, currents, upwelling