General
Name three European explorers.
Cartier, Champlain, Columbus, Verrazano, etc.
What is the name of the physiographic region in Quebec where we live?
The St. Lawrence Lowlands
What are the three Indigenous linguistic groups in Quebec?
Inuit, Algonquian, Iroquoian
Of the three major Indigenous groups in Quebec, which had the most complex social organization?
Iroquois
What is the Three Sisters?
Method of agriculture used by the Iroquois, planting corns, beans, and squash together.
Who were the first Europeans to reach North America?
The Vikings
How did the first inhabitants arrive in North America?
Beringia land bridge
What were the main causes of war among Indigenous nations?
Disputes over hunting and fishing territories, trading disputes, the demand of a toll gift to pass over a group's territory, avenging of deaths from previous wars.
Name three desirable qualities of an Algonquian chief.
Eloquence, generosity, bravery in battle, hunting skills
Describe how goods (food, materials, etc.) were distributed within an Indigenous community. How does this differ from European distribution of wealth/goods?
Everything belonged to the nation and was distributed in an equitable manner (everyone getting what they needed). European = more individualistic, the accumulation of wealth was part of the culture.
Why are the Iroquois known as particularly brave and brutal in times of war?
Torture of prisoners involving scalping and branding.
Why was the earth and its animals spiritually relevant to the Indigenous inhabitants of North America?
They (particularly the Algonquian and Iroquois), believed that all elements of the environment had a spirit, and they communicated with these spirits through rituals.
Why did the Inuit make quick decisions based on consensus, whereas the Algonquian and Iroquois had more complex decision-making systems?
The harsh environment of the Inuit kept their social organization simple and flexible, and their groups relatively small. They needed to make quick decisions about hunting and the movement of the group without much debate.
What was the role of the shaman?
Interpreting dreams, communicating with the dead, predicting the future and chasing away evil spirits.
What was the goal of trade among Indigenous nations?
To satisfy needs and to acquire goods they could not produce themselves. Also important for building alliances and relationships among nations.
What are mouring wars?
Wars between Indigenous nations to take captives to replace deceased loved ones.
What was the main driver of European exploration in the 15th century?
The fall of Constantinople led to blockades, therefore limiting European trade with Asia. A water route across the Atlantic was believed to be the best solution.
What is a trading post and where was the first one built?
A specific location where furs were stored and where Indigenous peoples and Europeans traded furs and goods. The first one was in Tadoussac.
What is a wampum belt and what is it used for?
A wampum belt is a belt made of shells arranged in patterns on strips of leather. Each element had a meaning, and represented negotiations between peoples. If a wampum belt was accepted, this meant that the alliance was accepted.
What were the main goals of European exploration? (name 3)
To find a maritime route to Asia, to create colonial empires to compete in Europe, to find precious metals to increase its wealth, and to evangelize Indigenous peoples.
When was the Five Nations Iroquois Confederacy created? (range of dates)
Between 1570-1600
Describe why Indigenous nations may have chosen to ally with the French in the first years of colonization?
This alliance provided them with European goods and offered them a military partnership and protection against their enemies.
Name the five nations of the Iroquois confederacy.
Mohawks, Oneidas, Senecas, Cayugas, Onondagas
Who was Chief Donnacona and what did he do?
What was the name of the first settlement attempt near Quebec city?
Charlesbourg-Royal