Vocab
A __________ is a grant of permission from a monarch to establish a colony.
Charter
Which Native American group lived in longhouses and formed a political confederation?
Iroquois
What name was given to Spanish soldiers who led military expeditions in the Americas?
Conquistadors
Who was the Portuguese explorer who first sailed around the Cape of Good Hope to reach India?
Vasco da Gama
The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds was called the __________.
Columbian Exchange
The __________ was a political confederation formed by five northeastern Native American nations.
Iroquois League
The Inca civilization developed primarily in which mountains?
Andes Mountains
What system gave settlers the right to tax Native Americans or make them work?
Encomienda system
His crew was the first to circumnavigate the globe.
Ferdinand Magellan
Name one plant or animal introduced to Europe during the Columbian Exchange.
Examples: Horses, cattle, wheat, sugarcane, pigs, chickens
What invention helped spread Martin Luther’s ideas during the Protestant Reformation?
Printing Press
Which crop became most important for early farming societies in the Americas?
Maize (corn)
What were large farms in Spanish America called?
Plantations
Who conquered the Aztec Empire?
Hernán Cortés
Name the main effect of the Columbian Exchange on Native Americans.
Smallpox and other diseases devastated Native Americans
What was the land bridge called that Paleo-Indians used to migrate into North America?
Bering Land Bridge
What term describes a society that traces ancestry through the mother’s family?
Matrilineal
Which conquistador conquered the Inca Empire?
Francisco Pizarro
Which French explorer founded Quebec in 1608?
Samuel de Champlain
How did the defeat of the Spanish Armada change the balance of power in the Americas?
England’s victory allowed them (and France/Netherlands) to expand colonization efforts in North America
Define the word “matrilineal.”
tracing family lineage and inheritance through the mother’s side
Name one way the environment influenced Native American culture.
Buffalo hunting on the Plains, igloos in the Arctic, pueblos in the Southwest, farming maize in fertile valley
What was the Spanish Armada, and why is it significant?
The Spanish Armada was a fleet sent to invade England in 1588; its defeat marked the decline of Spain’s naval dominance and opened colonization opportunities for other European nations
In 1492, this explorer sailed west searching for a direct sea route to Asia.
Christopher Columbus
Give two examples of how the Columbian Exchange changed life in both Europe and the Americas.
Examples: Potatoes and corn improved European diets; horses changed Native American life; diseases like smallpox reduced Native populations dramatically