Basics of Statistics
The complete collection of all measurements or data that are being considered. Typically, a population is the complete collection of data that we would like to make inferences about.
What is a population?
Data that consists of numbers representing counts or measurements.
What is quantitative?
A sample of n subjects is selected in such a way that every possible sample of the same size n has the same chance of being chosen.
What is simple random sampling?
A study that applies a treatment and observes the effect.
What is an experiment?
Sampling where data is very easy to get.
What is convenience sampling?
The collection of data from every member of a population
What is a census?
Data that consists of names or labels (not numbers that represent counts or measurements).
What is categorical?
A sampling method that divides population into groups, then randomly selects groups.
What is cluster sampling?
A harmless and ineffective pill, medicine, or procedure sometimes used for psychological benefit or sometimes used by researchers for comparison to other treatments.
What is a placebo?
This error occurs when the sample has been selected with a random method, but there is a discrepancy between a sample result and the true population result.
What is a sampling error?
A type of sample where the respondents themselves decide whether to be included.
What is voluntary response sample?
Data that results from infinitely many possible quantitative values, where the collection of values is not countable.
What is continuous?
Sampling method that divides the population into strata and samples from each.
What is stratified sampling?
A study where neither participants nor researchers know who gets the treatment.
What is a double-blind study?
Error that is the result of human error, including such factors as wrong data entries, computing errors, questions with biased wording, false data provided by respondents, forming biased conclusions, or applying statistical methods that are not appropriate for the circumstances.
What is nonsampling error?
Occurs when someone either refuses to respond or is unavailable.
What is nonresponse?
This level of measurement has a true zero and ratios are meaningful.
What is ratio?
Select some starting point and then select every kth element in the population.
What is systemic sampling?
A study where data is collected from a past time period by going back in time (through examination of records, interviews, and so on).
What is a retrospective study?
Error that is the result of using a sampling method that is not random, such as using a convenience sample or a voluntary response sample.
What is nonrandom sampling error?
This is achieved in a study if the likelihood of an event occurring by chance is 5% or less.
What is statistical significance?
This level of measurement has order but no meaningful differences.
What is ordinal?
Collect data by using some combination of the basic sampling methods.
What is multistage sampling?
A study that follows participants into the future.
What is randomized block design?
A result that looks important but doesn’t matter in real life.
What is practice significance?