The Eastward Shift
With the rise of Christianity from the time of the emperor Constantine in the fourth century, the government advocated_______.
What is monotheism
DEFINITION: the worship of one God to the exclusion of others
(1) The cultural focus on the eastern Mediterranean, (2) __________, and (3) _______ indicate some ways in which people from Late Antique Rome thought of themselves as being different from what was seen in the ancient world.
What are (2) the rise of Christianity, and (3) new forms of Roman governance?
The inscription on the Aksumite Stela (monumental stone slab erected by the Aksumite king Ezana and attributes his fourth-century military victory over the Nubians to the Christian God) in three languages—Ge’ez, Sabaean, and Greek—suggests _________________________ and the intended audience for this monument.
What is the diversity of Aksum’s people?
The ___________ was located in northwest India and flourished from the second century BCE to the third century CE. The empire initially arose from the Yuezhi people’s uniting of several nomadic tribes into a single state.
What is the Kushan Empire?
A nomadic group originating in the Eurasian Steppe made their way west from central Asia toward Europe around 450, conquering and occupying the frontiers of the Roman Empire, placing pressure on groups already there to move into the continent’s interior. These migrations eventually pushed Germanic groups and others into Roman territory, and they gained a reputation among the Romans for being ruthless as their leader plundered much of Europe reaching as far as Gaul. The empire ultimately collapsed in 454.
Who was the leader of the group?
Who is Atilla the Hun?
The Roman Empire’s eastward shift epitomized the major cultural changes occurring during this period. Because of these shifts, Late Antiquity has been characterized as a transitional period between _______________ and _______________worlds that occurred from roughly 150 to 750 CE.
What are the ancient and medieval?
The ______________ thrived as a social and economic force in the cities of the eastern Mediterranean and the construction of monasteries.
What is the Christian Church?
The Judaic group living in Aksum was known as _________________. Probably founded by artisan traders visiting Aksum in the first century was ___________ causing its religious practices to be sometimes distinct from the way the faith was practiced in other contexts.
What is Beta Israel?
What is isolated (from other Jewish communities outside the empire)?
____________________worshipped idols and totems, physical representations of divine spirits.
What are Arabian polytheists?
_________________ (a) was the first attempt to create a unified system of government for the empire since the days of the Republic, (b) it solidified Christianity in Roman society because it featured laws that adhered to Christian beliefs and practice, and (c) it also brought about a transformation of social morals and placed power in the hands of the church to police morality, a practice that had not been seen in antiquity.
What is the Theodosian Code?
In 429, the emperor Theodosius II established a commission to compile and formally codify laws into a single publication across the empire containing all laws issued after 312 CE.
The third century was a period of upheaval and change for the Roman government, often referred to as the ____________________ because twenty-six different claimants ruled the empire to the imperial throne over only forty-nine years.
What is the Crisis of the Third Century?
Churches erected with material salvaged from dismantled pagan temples generally followed the plan of a ________________with a central nave (aisle) and an apse (small chapel) at one end of the building.
What is a Roman basilica?
Aksumites claimed lineage from the biblical figures ______________________ and _________________________.
Who are King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba?
Emperor Kanishka undertook several initiatives to promote ______________. He made these texts more widely available and had many translated into other native languages
What is Buddhism?
Around 100 CE, Emperor Kanishka convened the Fourth Buddhist Council in Kashmir, which decided to recognize two sects of Buddhism, Mahayan and Hinayan, and compiled texts delineating a systematic presentation of Buddhist doctrines.
Constantine defeated Maxentius, his final rival to the throne, In the city of Rome at __________________
What is the Battle of Milvian Bridge?
Civil wars soon engulfed the empire as infighting among the emperors resulted in ________________
What is the advancement of Constantine?
_________________continued as the language formed part of upper-class education, legislation, and legal projects that brought together the written opinions of jurists.
What is Latin?
The Himyarites originated from the kingdom of the Sabaeans, a Semitic people who had occupied southern Arabia from at least 1000 BC and absorbed the Sabean and Qataban kingdoms, as well as several local tribes, and created their own capital in ______ centralizing power as a unified region of southern Arabia under a single government for the first time.
What is Zafar?
After the death of the emperor Vasudeva I in the early third century, the Kushan Empire ____________________
What is split into eastern and western halves (that were ruled separately)?
With a A)____________________government and a new capital at Constantinople in the eastern Mediterranean, the B)_______________Empire grew from the old Roman state.
A) What is the Christian government?
B) What is the Byzantine Empire?
They (a) waged military campaigns to maintain the frontiers of the empire, (b) promoted Christianity, and (c) enacted laws against pagan practice.
Who were Constantine's sons?
There were no opportunities for women to become involved in Sasanian politics, with the single exception of ___________brief rise just before the collapse of the Sasanian state in the seventh century.
Who is Queen Boran?
The daughter of the previous ruler Khosrow II, she was hailed as ruler despite being a woman because of her connection to Khosrow rather than because of her capability or her status as a woman.
While she attempted to build a positive relationship with the Byzantines and to stabilize the Sasanian state, she was ultimately unsuccessful in her efforts before being murdered by her own people, a demonstration of the instability that followed the Sasanian loss in the war.
The Sasanian Empire (224-651 CE, also given as Sassanian, Sasanid or Sassanid) was the last pre-Islamic Persian empire, established in 224 CE by Ardeshir I, son of Papak, descendant of Sasan. The Empire lasted until 651 CE when the Arab Rashidun Caliphate overthrew it.
The Himyarites had traditionally practiced a polytheistic religion, but in Late Antiquity the kingdom experienced a religious transformation when King Abu Karib As’ad chose to convert to _________in the early years of his reign.
What is Judaism?
Palmyra was made part of the Roman province of Syria in the first century CE, eventually becoming a Roman colony. This designation meant that its inhabitants were Roman citizens
In 267, the leader of Palmyra, Septimius Odaenathus, was assassinated while fighting the Parthians as an ally of the Roman Empire. His widow Zenobia took over as regent of the Palmyrene Kingdom, declaring herself empress and ________________.
What is [she] broke ties with Rome?
In 269, Zenobia broke off ties with the Roman state and expanded the borders of her kingdom, first taking Anatolia and then Egypt. Because of the disarray of the Third Century Crisis, their empire split into three separate states for a time.
Following the capture of Zenobia, Palmyra’s influence in the region dwindled. The city remained under Roman control since Aurelian had left behind a military garrison whose soldiers formed a major part of the city’s population.
Constantine celebrated his rule by refounding the ______________ (today known as ________________) as Constantinople in 330 CE, and it eventually became the new imperial capital.
*Both answers must be correct to receive credit.
What is the city of Byzantium (modern-day Istanbul)?