Chapter 10
Basic units of sound that can change the meaning of a word; different ways to pronounce letters.
What is phonemes?
Children could not possibly acquire such an incredibly complex communication system with the limited linguistic input that they receive.
Environment influences language development, it is no accident that children learn the language their parents speak, down to the regional accent. Children learn the words they hear spoken by others- even when the words are not spoken directly to them
What is Poverty of the Stimulus and Nurture?
The ability to detect a target word in a stream of speech; a formidable task, infants seem to be sensitive to a number of cues marking the boundaries between words, and this skill improves throughout the first 2 years of life. One thing that helps infants with this task is the repetition of many common words.
What is Understanding Word Segmentations?
Spoken around one years old
What are First Words?
A system of common rules + properties for learning any of the world's languages.
Not a specific structure/an innate brain function that sifts through language, applies the universal rules, and begins tailoring the system to the specifics of the language spoken in the young child's environment.
What is Universal Grammar and Language Acquisition Device?
Basic units of measuring that can exist in a word.
What are morphemes?
What is Nature and Nurture working together?
By 12 months of age; though infants reliance on personal relevances is decreasing and infants begin to use social and linguistic cues to learn words
Between 4-6 months, start to repeat consonant-vowel combinations such as "baba" and "dada"
What is babbling?
Around 18 months of age; when the child has mastered about 30-50 words, the pace of word learning quickens dramatically.
What is Vocabulary Spurt?
The systematic rules for forming sentences.
Fang Fred bit/Fang bit Fred/ Fred bit Fang
What is Syntax?
A more grammatically complete expression of what the toddler stated; mainly improved communication, not to teach grammar.
Describes the speech adults use with infants and young children; short, simple sentences spoken slowly, in a high-pitched voice, often with much repetition, and with exaggerated emphasis on key words.
What is Expansion and Child Directed Speech?
6-8 weeks of age; repeating vowel-like sounds such as "oooh" and "aaaah". Babies do this when they are content and often in response to being spoken to in a happy voice.
What is cooing?
Another word for "first word" because a single word often conveys an entire sentence's worth of meaning; can serve different communication functions depending on the way they are said + the context in which they are said.
What is Holophrases?
Developed between 18-24 months; two-word sentences to express the same basic ideas by eliminating unnecessary words, these sentences contain critical content words and omit frills such as articles, prepositions, and auxiliary verbs simple, two-worded sentences, such as "kitty tired" means they are learning to communicate.
What is Telegraphic Speech?
Studying/understanding the meaning of sentences/communication.
Rules for specifying how language is used appropriately in different social contexts.
What are Semantics and Pragmatics?
Newborns seem to tune in to human speech immediately and show a preference for speech over non-speech sounds and for their native language, which they listened to in the womb, over other languages.
What is the Infant Mastering Language?
Two people looking at the same thing. Infants listen to parents repeatedly labeling and pointing at objects, directing their gaze, and otherwise making clear the connection between words and their reference.
What is Joint Attention or Social Eye Gazing?
At 20 months of age; children are producing and average of 15- words. 4 months later, doubles to 300 words; allows children to use sentence context to help them make an educated guess about word meaning. Is quick and efficient method of learning new words.
What is fast mapping?
Using a word to refer to too narrow of a range of objects or events; when a child initially uses the word doggie to refer to only basset hounds like the family.
What is under extension?
Nativists minimize the role of language environment and focus instead on the role of the child's biologically programmed capacities to acquire language.
Noted linguistic, proposed humans have a unique genetic capacity to learn language.
What is Nature and Noam Chomsky?
What is (producing) crying?
Can comprehend about 50 words but do not yet produce any of these; gap between comprehension and production persists and may reflect the relative importance of understanding speech over producing speech; research shows that early understanding of words is related to academic achievement in elementary school.
What is 10 Months Old?
Using a word to reference to too wide a range of objects or events, as when a 2 year old calls all furry four-legged animals, "doggie".
What is overextension?
With such a rapidly increasing vocabulary, it should come as no surprise sometimes make mistakes. Although they rarely get the meaning entirely wrong, they often use a word too broadly or too narrowly.
What is Language Errors?