Stages
The longest phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and performs normal functions.
Interphase
The phase where chromosomes first become visible and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
Prophase
These are the internal "stop and go" signals that ensure the cell is ready to proceed.
Cell Cycle checkpoints
This term describes programmed cell death, used to eliminate damaged cells.
Apoptosis
The region where two sister chromatids are held together
Centromere
The specific sub-phase of Interphase where DNA replication occurs.
S-phase
These protein fibers attach to the centromeres to help move chromosomes.
Spindle fibers (microtubules)
A family of proteins that regulate the cell cycle by binding to specific enzymes
Cyclins
A mass of abnormal cells that remains at the original site.
Benign Tumor
Humans have __ pairs of chromosomes in body cells
23
Cells that exit the cycle and enter a non-dividing state are said to be in this phase.
G0 phase
The end of the Mitotic phase results in...
two completely divided nuclei
The specific checkpoint that ensures all chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers before proceeding.
M Checkpoint
The process by which cancer cells spread to other parts of the body via blood or lymph.
Metastasis
Chemicals or environmental factors that cause mutations leading to cancer.
carcinogen
What is the difference between cytokinesis in plants and animals
animals form a cleavage furrow, while plants form a cell plate
The alignment of chromosomes along the ____ happens during this phase.
metaphase on the metaphase plate
Cyclins bind with ___ to help progress the cell cycle
Cyclin Dependant Kinases
This tumor-suppressor gene can stop the cycle or trigger apoptosis and when missing is linked to higher risk of cancer
p53 Gene
This type of reproduction produces genetically identical offspring via the cell cycle for bacteria and describe generally how it works.
binary fission > cell gets two times larger and splits
what are all the stages starting from G0 and give a one sentence description of each phase
G0 (normal) > G1 (cell doubles in size) > S (DNA doubles) > G2 (cell produces everything else for division) > M (division of nucleus) > Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)
Draw the four phases on the board (include chromosomes, centrioles, centromere, spindle fibers and nuclear envelope)
see board
What are the three checkpoints in the cell cycle, what do they check for and what is the result if the cell fails a checkpoint
G1 (cell materials), G2 (DNA) , M (Chromosome attachment) and the cell with either go back to G0 or apoptosis
what are at least 3 reasons why cancer is so hard to treat?
subclones, too many variables in living organisms, stem cells are immune, treatment is often harsh on the patient, etc.
What are the 7 major risk factors for cancer
smoking, excess body fat, alcohol, UV, Poor diet, infections, physical inactivity