Basics
Define Endocrine System
A system that communicates through chemical messengers called hormones.
Peptide hormones are synthesized as preprohormones and modified in these two organelles.
What are the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus?
Hydrophobic hormones bind to receptors located in this region of the target cell
Cytoplasm
The release of insulin in response to high blood glucose is an example of this type of control.
What is humoral control?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Stimulates release of ACTH
Unlike the nervous system, endocrine signaling produces responses that are typically described as this in speed and duration.
What are slower and longer-lasting?
This class of hormones is synthesized from cholesterol and diffuses directly out of the cell after formation.
Steroids
In peptide hormone signaling, the first messenger is the hormone; the second messenger is often this molecule.
Cyclic AMP or cAMP
Epinephrine secretion by the adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic stimulation is this type of control.
What is neural control?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Stimulates release of LH and FSH
Name two major glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Thyroid and Adrenal
Dopamine, epinephrine, and thyroid hormones belong to this category of chemically diverse hormones.
G protein activation leads to stimulation of this enzyme, which catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP.
Adenyl Cyclase
The hypothalamic release of TRH stimulating TSH secretion is an example of this control type.
What is hormonal control?
What increases water reabsorption and decreases urine output
ADH or Vasopressin
TRH from the hypothalamus ultimately leads to the release of these thyroid hormones.
T3 and T4
In thyroid hormone synthesis, this enzyme catalyzes the iodination of tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin.
Thyroid Peroxidase
After entering the nucleus, steroid hormone–receptor complexes bind to these specific DNA regions to regulate transcription.
What are hormone response elements (HREs)
Define negative feedback in endocrine regulation. In your own words.
Rising hormone levels inhibit further release of that hormone to maintain homeostasis
What regulates metabolism, growth, and development
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
Name all the Hypothalamus hormones
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH), Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH), Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH), Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone (GHRH), Somatostatin (Growth Hormone–Inhibiting Hormone, GHIH), Dopamine (Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone, PIH)
Name all the Pituitary hormones
Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis):
Growth Hormone (GH), Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Prolactin (PRL)
Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis):
Oxytocin, Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH / Vasopressin)
Name the hormone(s) in the pineal gland and its function
Melatonin - Regulates circadian rhythm and sleep cycles
List all the Gonadal Hormones
Male: Testerone and Inhibit
List the hormones in the Pancreas. I need functions as well
Insulin - Ask Alex
Glucagon - Raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdow
Somatostatin - Inhibits insulin and glucagon release