Major Factors in Language Variation within Speech Communities
Effects of Language Contact
Special Focus: Code-switching
100
One is a variety of a language spoken by a group of people, and the other refers to differences in pronunciation, and/or systematic phonological variation.
p. 347
What is a the difference between a dialect and an accent
100
One of the best known lexical differences among varieties of English in the United States.
What is how speakers refer to carbonated beverages: pop versus soda is...
100
Age, gender, socioeconomic class, race, ethnicity, and social networks can all have an effect...
What is …on how you speak
100
sometimes smoothes variation, sometimes creates new variation, sometimes gives birth to new languages, and sometimes kills languages.
What is the effects of contact among languages and dialects
100
refers to speakers' alternating between two distinct dialects or languages.
What is Code-switching
200
Speakers can understand each other, although with some difficulty vs. speakers generally cannot understand each other.
p. 349
What is dialects versus language
200
...specifically examines distributional patterns of linguistic variables within speech communities in order to analyze the effect of age, gender, class, ethnicity and other factors on how people speak.
What is Variationist sociolinguistics
200
is when linguists assume that the speech of a seventy-year-old speaker represents the speech of a twenty-year-old speaker fifty years ago.
What is "apparent-time studies"
200
...can influence similar mergers in neighboring dialects.
What is Dialects with phonological mergers
200
Pieter Muysken suggest that three processes: insertion, alternation, and __________________ are at work in code-mixing.
p.373
What is congruent lexicalization
300
Traditionally this has focused on mapping geographic variation within a language.
p. 351
What is dialectology
300
Variationist sociolinguistics examines the relationships of language behavior to speaker identity. It is described as ___________ because it works from observations of language use to analysis of those observational data.
p. 354-355
What is an empirical field
300
have always been stronger in Britain than in the United States, but it may be a relevant factor in language variations in both.
What is "Class distinctions"
300
"wuman-dem" dem as a plural marker
(English words that carry different meanings)
What is "the women"
300
In ____________ speakers switch between grammatical structures from two languages.
What is "alternation"
400
large-scale dialect projects such as: Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada set out to gather systematic data from "old-fashioned" and "modern" speakers in order to map dialects geographically.
What is the American Dialect Society
400
was credited with founding modern variationist sociolinguistics in the early 1960s--with his master's thesis."
What is William Labov
400
found that the use of [n] (or -in') for the -ing ending characterized the speech both of the working class and of males.
What is Peter Trudgill
400
"nyam"
(lexical items from West African languages)
What is "eat"
400
When the two languages spoken in a bilingual community share the same basic grammatical structure, speakers can switch between the two lexicons within a sentence or utterance.
What is "congruent lexicalization"
500
published by Noah Webster after the United States Declared independence.
What is the American Dictionary of the English Language (1828)?
500
the group of people who show the most variation through accommodation to higher-status speech patterns, according to Labov.
What is lower middle class
500
"the value of a speaker's verbal offerings; the likelihood that these offerings will be heard and heeded--depends on the linguistic variety in which they are encoded"
p. 363
What is linguistic markets:
500
"involves the incorporation of foreign words into a language, usually adapting them to the phonological and morphological patterns of that language."