A
What is a property of immune cells by which they will not attack normal self-cells; the ability to differentiate self from foreign and only attack foreign substances?
Self-tolerance
What is the main first-line defense physical barrier in animals?
Epithelial tissue
What are signaling proteins that help cells communicate with each other, initiating and coordinating immune actions?
Cytokines
What color do eosinophil granules stain?
Red-orange
What cell type primarily makes tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)?
Macrophages
Which leukocyte is the most abundant in the blood?
Neutrophils
What are monocytes called once they enter tissues?
Macrophages
Which pathway is complement proteins activated by directly interacting with pathogen?
Alternative Pathway
What two leukocytes are the first to enter damaged tissue?
Neutrophils & Monocytes
What proposes a decrease in diversity and levels of microbes in our normal microbiota may negatively affect immune responses?
Hygiene hypothesis
What are 2 primary lymphoid tissues?
Thymus
Bone Marrow
1. Besides eicosanoids and kinins, what other vasoactive molecule induces vascular changes?
2. What is the main cell found in tissues that produce this molecule?
1. Histamine
2. Mast cells
What two molecules are released from neutrophil granules?
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and enzymes
1. What color do basophil granules stain?
2. What notable molecule is found in basophil granules?
1. Dark purple
2. Histamine
What are the three outcomes of complement activation?
Opsonization
Cytolysis
Inflammation
What are pyrogens?
Fever-inducing agents; many bacterial toxins act as pyrogens.
They trigger the release of cytokines
What are four types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast cells
What is the importance of C3 in the complement system?
The key trigger point for cascade activation and regulation
How do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (SAIDs) reduce pain and inflammation?
By reducing eicosanoid production
What is the main goal of first-line innate defenses?
Attempt to prevent pathogen entry
What is the function of the spleen?
Filters blood rather than lymph
What is the function of lysozyme?
breaks down bacterial cell walls
1. What cell type primarily makes tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)?
2. What is the function of TNF-α?
1. Macrophages
2. Stimulates inflammation and fever, and kills tumor cells
What are four main cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness
Pain
Localized heat (not fever)
Swelling
What is the function of the mucociliary escalator?
Sweeps away from the lungs and toward the mouth by ciliated cells
What are the roles of interleukins?
Activating adaptive and innate immune responses and stimulating the production of new blood cells and platelets
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Serve as filtering and screening centers for lymph before returning it to the bloodstream
What is edema?
Generalized swelling, often in the extremities, in response to fluid accumulation in tissues
What are three similarities shared by innate and adaptive immunity?
-Both kill invaders
-Both are effective against diverse threats
-Both distinguish self from foreign
What are three types of agranulocytes?
Monocytes
Dendritic cells
Lymphocytes
Which of these cells are involved in innate immunity and adaptive immunity? (NK cells, T cells, & B cells)
Innate immunity - NK cells
Adaptive immunity - T cells & B cells
What is membrane attack complex?
An attack complex made by complement proteins; it drills into cells, causing them to burst (undergo cytolysis)
How do antipyretic drugs work?
By limiting the production of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus, which is ultimately what “resets” the body’s thermostat
What are four chemical barriers?
- Stomach acid
- Mucus/cilia trapping and sweeping action
- Lysozyme in tears, mucus, saliva, breast milk
- Antimicrobial peptides such as defensins (AMPs)
What is the relationship between our normal microbiota and immune function?
Immune system allows certain microbes to live as symbiotic partners in and on our bodies while excluding others, those microbes fine-tune our immune system to fight pathogens while training immune system to tolerate nonpathogens, food, and self-tissues
Sometimes when we are sick, our lymph nodes swell. What causes this?
Upon detecting an invading microbe, leukocytes residing in a node rapidly multiply in order to expand the population available to combat it which causes swelling
What features of the epidermis make skin one of our most important physical barriers?
Its tightly compacted dead epithelial cells are enriched with specialized proteins (such as keratin) and lipids to serve as a water-resistant layer
Why are fevers of 105 F or above life-threatening?
Cellular enzymes and other proteins will begin to denature and stop working at that temperature range
What are the three general phases of inflammation and briefly describe each?
Vascular Changes – Chemical alarm signals released by damaged cells and leukocytes increase blood flow and vessel permeability
Leukocyte recruitment – Cytokines recruit leukocytes. Neutrophils arrive first, followed by monocytes, which mature into macrophages. Neutrophils and macrophages phagocytize invaders and recruit other leukocytes
Resolution – Inflammation signals decrease; tissue repair initiated
What two steps allow cells to exit blood vessels and enter tissues?
Margination - The first step by which cells exit blood vessels in the recruitment phase of inflammation; leukocytes slow down as they roll along vessel walls, and they eventually adhere to the vessel wall and stop rolling.
Diapedesis - Also called transmigration or extravasation; a process whereby white blood cells dramatically change shape in order to squeeze out of a blood vessel during the recruitment phase of inflammation.