Problem Solving Strategies
The term problem solving refers to this.
The processes necessary to arrive at a goal.
This is how you solve a problem using the analog approach, by using this technique.
By implementing a solution from an earlier problem to solve a new problem.
True or False: In the case of computer simulation, researchers write a program that will perform a task with heightened abilities in which a human may not be able to match.
False: It will perform in the same way a human would.
An individual with expertise can be described as follows.
Someone who demonstrates consistently exceptional performance on tasks in a particular area.
Melissa is trying to solve a problem on her math homework by using the same method her teacher showed her for example problems, even though she knows there is an easier method. This is called this.
Mental set
Every problem includes these three components.
1) The initial state
2) The goal state
3) The obstacles
Analogies are prominent when people make breakthroughs in these specific areas. (Name at least two)
Art, politics, science, engineering
The basic strategy of the General Problem Solver (GPS) involves this kind of analysis.
Means-end analysis
Some researchers have argued that experts need at least ___ years of experience in a particular area.
10 years
Mental set arises from Carol Dweck's (2006) concept of this.
A "fixed mindset"
A heuristic can be defined as such.
A general rule that is usually correct.
Sadly, people tend to focus on superficial content referred to as this, and they gloss over important abstract details referred to as this.
Surface features and structural features
GPS has several different methods of operating, including this strategy.
Difference-reduction strategy
Experts and novices differ in these two different areas.
Knowledge base and schemas
In Abraham Luchins' water-jar problem, the last two problems can be solved using this.
Easier, more direct methods than the previous problems.
There is more research on heuristics rather than algorithms for this reason.
We are most likely to solve daily problems using heuristics.
Those with limited abilities in these two areas will have trouble using analogies.
Problem-solving skills and metacognitive ability
Some researchers have discovered ___, which can be used in high school math courses.
Cognitive tutors
May is an expert in computer science. Jake is a novice. May is more likely to use this heuristic more effectively than Jake when she encounters a problem.
Means-ends heuristic
Recent research shows that there is greater change in event-related brain potentials (ERPs) when this happens.
When a mental set is broken.
Someone might employ this strategy when solving a lengthy anagram.
You might start by trying to identify the first two letters of the target word. You may reject combinations that begin with two consonants, and try to separate vowels and consonants from each other.
When Rutgers' University planned to design a system for tracking university applications, its main problem turned out to be this.
They focused on superficial features, involving the layout of the system, rather than structural features, which was tracking applications.
Newell and Simon discarded the GPS for this reason.
Its generality didn't perform so well as real-life problems weren't always clear cut.
Novick and Cote (1992) discovered that experts solve anagrams so quickly because they use this kind of processing.
Parallel processing
The following numbers are arranged in this specific order for a reason.
8, 5, 4, 9, 1, 7, 6, 3, 2, 0
The numbers are actually arranged alphabetically, but your mental set would consider if there was a mathematical sequence.