Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
What is begin with some specific premises that are generally true, and then judging whether those premises allow you to draw a conclusion, based on the principles of logic
The formal principles devised for solving tasks
What is propositional calculus
This occurs in reasoning when people make judgments based on prior beliefs and general knowledge, rather than the rules of logic
What is belief-bias effect
Who proposed a small number of heuristics guide human decision making
Who is Kahneman and Tversky
This occurs when people underestimate how quickly and easily one can complete a task
What is the planning fallacy
The most common kinds of deductive reasoning tasks
The 2 possible actions for working on a conditional reasoning task
This uses top-down processing
What is belief-bias effect
This becomes a liability when applied too broadly
What is heuristics
This is a method for reducing overconfidence about decisions
What is the crystal-ball technique
This refers to quantities
What is syllogism
The following is an example of:
If the judge is fair, then Steve is the winner.
Steve is not the winner.
Therefore, the judge is not fair.
What is denying the consequent
This is when people try to confirm a hypothesis rather than disprove it
What is confirmation bias
A sample is likely if it is similar to the population the sample was taken from
What is representative heuristic
What is the anchoring and adjustment heuristic
Conditional reasoning tasks and syllogisms have what in common
What is they are both influenced by similar cognitive factors
This is a fast and automatic process
What is Type 1 Processing
This corresponds to theme 3 in our book: Cognitive processes handle positive information better than negative information
Estimate the frequency or probability in terms of how easy it is to think of relevant examples
What is availability heuristic
Who fails to consider the risks involved in warfare and other serious topics due to overconfidence
Who are powerful politicians
This is found more approachable than syllogisms
This is a slow and controlled process
What is Type 2 Processing
This found that people would rather know what is than what is not
What is the Watson selection task
Suppose you are asked which state has the largest theme park; California Disney Land or Florida Disney World. You live in Florida and have been to Disney World, but you have never been to California. You assume Florida has the largest theme park.
What is recognition heuristic
This describes the overconfidence that your own view is correct during confrontations
What is my-side bias